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- Ochiq kirishMaqola
O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI NAMANGAN VILOYATI MINGBULOQ TUMANIDA TO‘LIQ ISHGA TUSHIRILMAGAN FESLARNI TAHLIL QILISH
J.X. Ishanov, J.B. Rajabov, F.F. Sodiqov, SH.O. Bebitov · Research Focus International Scientific Journal · 2025
Qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalari tabiiy ravishda o‘zini to‘ldiradigan va ekologik jihatdan barqaror deb hisoblangan resurslardir. Ular issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarini kamaytirish va iqlim o‘zgarishiga qarshi kurashishda hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya manbaalari (QTEM) butun dunyo bo‘ylab keng ravishda ommalashib bormoqda negaki, bu manbalar barqarordir, chunki ular vaqt o‘tishi bilan tugamaydi, ular cheklangan va global isishga sezilarli hissa qo‘shadigan qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘idan farqli o‘laroq. Xalqaro energetika agentligining (IEA) rasmiy hisobotida aytilishicha, 2019 yildan boshlab elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘idan foydalanishga bo‘lgan talab va global energiya talablarini ta‘minlash uchun QTEM foydalanishning o‘sishi bilan birga pasayishni boshlagan. Ushbu ishda Namangan viloyati Mingbuloq tumanida to‘liq o‘rnatilib ishga tushirilmagan bir nechta obyektlar va ularga yechimlar berish va muammoni bartaraf etish uchun takliflar taqdim etiladi
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE CERAMIC FLUX SYSTEM USING RAW MATERIALS FROM UZBEKISTAN
Fazilov Dusmurat Saydivalievich, Madaliyev Samandar Dilshod o‘g‘li, Abdukarimova Ferishtabonu Azimjonovna · Research Focus International Scientific Journal · 2025
Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek xomashyosidan foydalanilganda keramik flyuslardagi kristallografik va fazaviy o‘zgarishlar tadqiq etilgan. Uning o‘ziga xos kimyoviy tarkibi foydali fazalar hosil bo‘lishiga ko‘maklashishi va keramika xossalarini yaxshilashi aniqlangan. Xomashyoni qo‘llashning texnologik jihatlari ko‘rib chiqilgan hamda jarayonlarni optimallashtirish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar taklif etilgan. Keramik materiallar ishlab chiqarish sifati va samaradorligini oshirish uchun o‘zbek xomashyosidan foydalanish tavsiya etiladi.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ, ОХРАНА ЭНДЕМИЧНЫХ ФЛОРЫ ФЕРГАНСКОЙ ДОЛИНЫ
Джураханова Зулхумор Турсунмахаммад кизи, Батошов Авазбек Рискулович · Research Focus International Scientific Journal · 2025
Farg‘ona vodiysi Markaziy Osiyoning noyob va endemik o‘simlik turlariga boy o‘ziga xos mintaqasi hisoblanadi. Maqolada Qurama tizmasi, Chust adirlari va unga tutash hududlar florasini o‘rganish natijalari Apiaceae va Lamiaceae oilalariga urg‘u berilgan holda keltirilgan. Dorema microcarpum, Mogoltavia sewerzowii, Ferula ferganensis va Lagochilus pubescens kabi endemik turlarga, ularning ekologiyasi, geografik tarqalishi va ularga solinayotgan tahdidlarga alohida e‘tibor qaratilgan. Tadqiqotda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar akademiyasi O‘simlik va hayvonot dunyosi genofondi instituti Markaziy gerbariysi (TASH) gerbariy materiallaridan, GAT yordamida areallarni kartalashtirishdan, shuningdek, 2012 yilgi dala yig‘imlari ma‘lumotlaridan foydalanilgan.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF NOSTOC COMMUNE
Abdurahmon Sheraliev · Research Focus International Scientific Journal · 2025
Ushbu maqolada sianoprokariotlar vakili — Nostoc commune ning morfologiyasi, tarqalishi, oziqlanish elementlari — oqsil, lipid, uglevod, vitamin, pigment va mikroelementlar tavsiflanadi. Ushbu biologik faol moddalarning miqdori bo‘yicha ko‘plab tadqiqotchilar olgan ma‘lumotlar taqqoslandi va tahlil qilindi. Shuningdek, Nostoc commune biotexnologiyaning universal va istiqbolli obyekti bo‘lib, yuqori o‘sish sur‘atlariga ega, uni yetishtirish jarayoni esa katta sarmoya talab qilmaydi. Bundan tashqari, u oziq-ovqat, tibbiyot va qishloq xo‘jaligida foydalanish mumkin bo‘lgan biologik faol birikmalar manbayi hisoblanadi.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE RIGHT TO INTERNET ACCESS: A NEW GENERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
A. Muminov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
In this article, it is thoroughly analyzed how the use of the Internet has acquired the status of a fundamental right within the framework of international law and how this process has been successful in some cases. The study examines such important legal frameworks as regional normative documents on human rights, and statements of the Special Rapporteurs, decisions of the UN Human Rights Council as well as the experience of new states. This study reveals important contradictions through theoretical analysis and practical study of Internet disruptions and access barriers. On the one hand, at least at the theoretical level, there is growing international consensus on the issue of digital rights. However, real practice demonstrates an even more alarming picture: government structures continue to impose restrictions largely unpunished, often relying on vague interpretations of national security, which indicates that international law does not have sufficient force to act as an effective barrier. The study shows that although access to the Internet has not achieved the status of an autonomous human right in compulsory contract law, its functional necessity for the exercise of established rights (freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and freedom of information) has created what can be called de facto directly through the back door.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM FINANCING
B. Otaboev · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
The study is devoted to the legal nature and theoretical justification of the concept of terrorism financing, which is considered as an independent crime that emerged as a result of the development of international and national anti-terrorism legislation. The paper analyzes the subject and topic of the research by establishing the connection between terrorism, crimes of a terrorist nature, and the financial mechanisms that ensure their commission. The aim of the research is to identify problems related to the legal definition of terrorism financing and to substantiate the need for its normative improvement. The relevance of the study is determined by the absence of a unified approach in legislation and doctrine, which complicates law-enforcement practice and the identification of this act. The methodological basis consists of comparative-legal, systemic, and formal-legal methods. As a result, significant differences between international and national definitions of terrorism and terrorism financing were identified, demonstrating the incompleteness of current formulations and the need for an expanded interpretation. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the proposed conclusions to improve criminal legislation and mechanisms for combating terrorism financing. It is concluded that clarifying the normative definition, taking into account international standards, and incorporating the category of crimes of a terrorist nature into legal regulation are essential for the proper qualification of terrorism financing.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
THE ROLE OF MEZZANINE CAPITAL IN FINANCING ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY AND ITS LEGAL REGULATION
A. Rahmatov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This article aims to examine the role of mezzanine financing – a non-traditional, hybrid instrument – in situations where conventional methods (bank loans, leasing) lack flexibility and sufficient risk appetite for innovative projects. Mezzanine finance combines elements of debt and equity, allowing companies to attract substantial capital without diluting existing shareholding, and holds an intermediate position in the priority ranking during insolvency, situated between senior creditors and shareholders. The core of the research consists of a comparative analysis of mezzanine‘s legal regulation. The article details the relationships between the key participants in a Mezzanine transaction – the borrower, the senior creditor, and the mezzanine creditor – including their priority, the collateral (shares/equity interests), and return requirements. The conclusion substantiates the need to implement relevant norms into Uzbekistan‘s national legislation, drawing on the similarities between mezzanine and existing financing types, including the introduction of accelerated foreclosure procedures and the establishment of legal certainty for private investments.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
PROPERTY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (3D PRINTING): A SUI GENERIS PERSPECTIVE WITHIN CIVIL LAW
N. Shermatov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
The article examines the complex civil-law regulation of digital and physical objects created through additive manufacturing technologies. Drawing on comparative analysis of the Uzbek Civil Code, the Laws on Copyright, Patents, and E-Commerce, and strategic documents such as the Strategy “Uzbekistan – 2030” and Digital Uzbekistan–2030, the study identifies significant legal gaps in defining ownership, authorship, and liability concerning 3D-printed objects and their digital design files (CAD models). The article contrasts Uzbekistan‘s framework with the approaches of the EU, USA, China, Germany, France, and post-Soviet jurisdictions, emphasizing how most countries rely on adapting existing property and intellectual property doctrines rather than introducing a new regulatory regime. The analysis highlights unresolved doctrinal issues such as the dual nature of 3D-printed property (digital and material), uncertainty of rights transfer in digital environments, and insufficient enforcement mechanisms for online infringements. Finally, the author proposes sui generis reforms within Uzbekistan‘s civil law – clarifying digital goods ownership, expanding copyright scope to CAD files, introducing limited-use exceptions, and strengthening IP enforcement online – aligning national legislation with international best practice and the technological goals of Strategy 2030.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
THE ROLE AND POWERS OF LOCAL COUNCILS IN THE FIELD OF LOCAL BUDGET MANAGEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
A. Sayfiddinov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This article examines the evolving role of local councils (Kengashes) in Uzbekistan‘s budget formation and execution processes within the framework of ongoing decentralization and public financial management reforms. Drawing on the Constitution, the Budget Code, and the Law “On Local State Authority,” it identifies the constitutional and legal foundations of council authority in fiscal governance. The study employs a qualitative legal-document analysis method combined with international assessments. Findings show that recent reforms have significantly enhanced transparency, citizen participation, and local fiscal oversight. The article highlights that while Uzbekistan‘s legal architecture provides robust powers for local councils in budget approval and monitoring, practical challenges remain in ensuring effective autonomy, data transparency, and fiscal discipline at subnational levels. Strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring consistent oversight by councils, and aligning with international governance standards are emphasized as prerequisites for sustainable fiscal decentralization. Overall, the research concludes that empowering local councils through legal and procedural reforms can transform them into key drivers of accountable, inclusive, and development-oriented local governance.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
LEGAL ANALYSIS OF JOURNALISTIC INVESTIGATION
S. Jahonov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of journalistic investigation, examining its theoretical foundations, developmental stages, and position within contemporary journalism. By synthesizing scholarly sources and practical examples, the study clarifies the essence, social functions, and distinct characteristics of the investigative branch. It further explores the legal framework and ethical principles governing information collection and dissemination, emphasizing the journalist‘s rights and obligations. Special attention is directed toward the role of investigative journalism in facilitating public oversight and strengthening the transparency and accountability of civil society institutions. The research scientifically substantiates the genre‘s potential for identifying societal problems, monitoring state bodies, combating corruption, and promoting social justice. Additionally, the study distinguishes between “journalistic investigation” and “journalistic inquiry,” comparing national and international scholarly perspectives on their objectives and scope. The article concludes by defining the significance of the investigative genre within modern journalism theory and the global information landscape.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
THE BRITISH NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICING MODEL: ADAPTATION POTENTIAL IN UZBEKISTAN
F. Khujamberdiyev · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This article examines the institutional, legal, and practical aspects of the British neighbourhood policing model, as implemented in London, to assess its adaptability to Uzbekistan. Employing a methodological blend of comparative legal analysis, institutional theory, and empirical sociological methods, the study evaluates the model‘s core elements, drawing on UK legislation (e.g., National Security Act 2023), the City of London Police Strategy (2024–2025), and Office for National Statistics data. Key features include administrative clustering, Dedicated Ward Officers, Partnership and Prevention Hubs, Cluster Panel Meetings, and the Community Profile digital tool, underpinned by evidence-based policing, territorial accountability, transparency, and participatory governance. A sociological survey in Uzbekistan (n=300) highlights strong spatial identity, public willingness to collaborate with law enforcement, and demand for enhanced police visibility. The article proposes adapting the model through Uzbekistan‘s National Guard, introducing a Mahalla Community Profile, analytical hubs, and cluster-based community engagement. An adaptation algorithm is outlined, focusing on regulatory frameworks, personnel professionalization (aligned with ProQual Level 3), digital security management, and feedback mechanisms. The study‘s novelty lies in its strategic approach to localizing a foreign policing model, accounting for Uzbekistan‘s cultural, spatial, and institutional contexts. Its findings offer theoretical insights for policing reform and practical guidance for public safety policies in developing nations.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS AND DIRECT CONTRACTING PRACTICES IN ROAD TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: A LEGAL ANALYSIS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
M. Mirzaeva · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
The article analyzes practical issues in establishing effective governance and a healthy competitive environment in the development of road-transport infrastructure in Uzbekistan. It demonstrates that the merging of regulatory and operational functions, along with privileges granted to certain entities, leads to conflicts of interest and inequality. Specifically, the Road Committee serves as both customer and contractor, and government agencies are permitted to sign direct contracts with their affiliated organizations without tenders. The legislative framework is examined, and legal recommendations to improve competition are proposed. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of effective anti-corruption measures in the transport and road infrastructure sector. The study highlights corruption-related risks in this field and their negative impact on economic development and social stability. The research examines the current legal framework in Uzbekistan, focusing on ensuring transparency in tender processes, preventing conflicts of interest, and strengthening accountability mechanisms. In addition, international practices, including those of the World Bank, OECD, European countries, and the United States, are analyzed to explore the potential for adapting these experiences to national legislation. The paper emphasizes modern approaches to combating corruption, such as the introduction of digital technologies, the establishment of open data platforms, and the improvement of monitoring and liability systems. The findings aim to promote transparency and competition in the sector, enhance the efficiency of public spending, and improve the investment climate. This study is of significant theoretical and practical value and can serve as a scientific basis for improving the national anti-corruption strategy in the field of transport infrastructure.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
COMBATING CORRUPTION IN UZBEKISTAN: LEGAL REFORMS, INSTITUTIONAL PROGRESS, AND REMAINING CHALLENGES
M. Ahmadjonov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the development of anti-corruption policies in Uzbekistan. A significant shift occurred under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev‘s leadership, with the introduction of comprehensive reforms. These included the establishment of a dedicated Anti-Corruption Agency and numerous presidential decrees aimed at preventing corruption risks, enhancing public oversight, and ensuring merit-based public service appointments. In this context, the 2022 Development Strategy reinforced a strict zero-tolerance policy toward corruption, emphasizing institutional accountability. However, significant obstacles continue to impede progress to some extent. Over a four-year period, more than 9,500 corruption offenses were recorded, causing substantial financial damage. Corruption remains entrenched due to legislative gaps and inadequate enforcement. Furthermore, the author concludes that corruption should be understood as a deeply rooted socio-economic and ethical challenge. To prevent and eradicate corruption, integrated reforms, rigorous oversight, risk assessment, civic engagement, and adherence to ethical standards are essential.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
THE IMPORTANCE OF CLARIFYING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PROSECUTOR IN THE APPELLATE COURT
L. Sadriddinova · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This article examines theoretical rules, concepts, and opinions on the general conditions for verifying the legality, validity, and fairness of judgments, rulings, and decisions, as reflected in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It explores the content and essence of amendments and additions to the procedures for filing a complaint (protest) against a judgment or ruling of the court of first instance, as well as the significance of these innovations in the theory and practice of criminal procedural law and their role in the activities of criminal justice. Additionally, an analysis of the prosecutor‘s role as a party in the court of appeal, as a higher instance, and their powers is presented. From the perspective of the new norms of criminal procedural legislation, this scientific work describes modern legal factors of appeals, which serve as mechanisms for reviewing court decisions in criminal cases, and the grounds for canceling or amending court decisions. To highlight the relevance of the topic, the author gives special attention to the opinions and views of procedural scholars in various educational and scientific literature on the science and field of criminal procedural law, the need to revise judicial documents in recent years, and an analysis of the powers and responsibilities of judges in judicial practice in this regard.
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CURRENT PRACTICE OF USING SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES INVOLVING CAUSING BODILY HARM
A. Ibadova · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This article explores the use of specialized knowledge in investigating crimes involving bodily harm, highlighting its essential role in achieving just and effective outcomes. The study focuses on the application of forensic medical examination, criminalistic methods, and other specialized fields within the investigative framework. The topic‘s significance is driven by the high prevalence of bodily harm cases in crime statistics, with expert opinions playing a pivotal role in ensuring fairness and precision in investigations. The article aims to assess the effectiveness of specialized knowledge, pinpoint existing challenges, and propose ways to expand its application in investigative practice. The research employs a methodology that includes legal analysis, a thorough literature review, empirical observations from investigative practices, and insights from expert opinions. The findings provide practical and scientific insights to optimize law enforcement operations, enhance investigation quality, and strengthen the reliability of expert conclusions, contributing to a more equitable and robust criminal justice system.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
THE MANDATORY VIDEO RECORDING OF INTERROGATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN: PERSPECTIVES AND ADVANTAGES
M. Nodirov, K. Tursunmurodov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This paper describes the issue of video recording interrogations, providing a thorough analysis of the experiences of several foreign countries, including Japan, the US, Canada, and Poland, as well as the opinions of scholars in this field. The paper describes two main categories of advantages the video recording of interrogations offers, both of which contain detailed analysis of several factors that contribute to the establishment of mandatory video recording of interrogations in Uzbekistan. The first category includes benefits in ensuring human rights during interrogations, and the second category focuses on the compliance of interrogations with the norms and provisions of criminal procedural legislation. Although there may be potential disadvantages to the video recording of interrogations, the authors have put a strong emphasis on the advantages this innovation offers and provided specific examples for each advantage. The authors have also suggested adding new provisions and amending the existing ones regarding the mandatory recording of interrogations in the Criminal Procedure Code of Uzbekistan in line with the analysis of foreign countries‘ experiences in this field.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF LAND SERVITUDE IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REGION
Z. Abdusamadova · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This article explores the legal foundations for the emergence of limited rights to use land plots and examines the historical development of servitudes within the Central Asian khanates. Servitudes were primarily formed through agreements between communities and were regulated by evolving and traditional governance systems. During the khanate period, the forms of servitudes, including rights of access to land and the use of natural resources, evolved to reflect the cultural and social needs of society. In the Soviet era, the monopolization of land and natural resources as state property halted the development of servitudes. However, by the late 20th century, following the collapse of Soviet rule, legislation and regulations related to servitudes were revised, paving the way for their integration into the modern legal framework. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the contemporary regulation of servitudes is being implemented through new provisions in the Land Code. This process serves as a crucial legal foundation for land and property management, introducing new forms of legal relationships and enhancing their economic and social significance. Servitudes play an important role in the country‘s economic development, particularly in the fields of agriculture and infrastructure. Proper and effective regulation of servitudes helps improve relations between landowners and other legal entities. Furthermore, efficient mechanisms are being developed to define the legal basis of servitudes and resolve related disputes.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
BIOTECHNOLOGY SUBJECTS: MULTI-LEVEL LEGAL CLASSIFICATION
S. Mamanazarov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This research examines the complex multi-level system of civil law relations subjects operating within the biotechnology sector. The study addresses the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of biotechnology legal frameworks, analyzing the intricate relationships between primary, secondary, and regulatory actors in the biotechnology ecosystem. The research methodology encompasses comparative legal analysis, institutional economics approaches, and multi-helix innovation models to understand the distinctive characteristics of biotechnology civil law relations. The investigation reveals that biotechnology sector subjects fundamentally differ from traditional civil law classifications, requiring specialized theoretical approaches due to their interdisciplinary nature and complex multi-layered structure. Results demonstrate that successful biotechnology systems depend on balanced regulatory frameworks, multi-sectoral cooperation, and continuous adaptability principles. The research scope extends to international experiences from the United States, the European Union, and Japan, providing insights for developing nations. Key findings indicate that digital transformation creates new subject categories, including AI-powered drug discovery companies and blockchain-based solutions, fundamentally altering traditional biotechnology ecosystems. The study concludes that future biotechnology subject systems will become increasingly complex, with emerging fields like synthetic biology, convergent technologies, and quantum biotechnology requiring new legal frameworks and ethical considerations.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
B. Narimanov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This scientific article provides a comprehensive constitutional and legal analysis of the organizational and legal forms of non-governmental non-profit organizations (NGOs). NGOs are considered as an important institution that enables citizens to express their interests, actively participate in social processes, and directly influence the system of public administration in modern society. Therefore, the issue of defining their legal status, organizational and legal forms, and mechanisms of activity on a constitutional basis is of particular relevance. The article first reveals the concept of NGOs and their legal characteristics. The constitutional right of citizens to freedom of association is examined, and the role of NGOs as one of the main forms of exercising this right is substantiated. Various organizational and legal forms defined in national legislation – public associations, foundations, institutions, unions, and other structures – are analyzed in terms of their legal status, procedures of establishment, mechanisms of activity, control, and state support. Furthermore, the experience of foreign countries is studied and compared with the practice of Uzbekistan. In this process, the constitutional and legal status of NGOs in democratic states, mechanisms of cooperation with the state, and their role in the development of civil society are comparatively analyzed.
- Ochiq kirishMaqola
LEGAL PERSONHOOD FOR AI AND ROBOTS
N. Inoyatov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
The growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics into various sectors of society raises complex legal and ethical questions about their status within traditional legal frameworks. This study critically examines the concept of legal personhood for AI and robots by analyzing classical theories, pragmatic models, and emerging policy proposals. While traditional theories tie personhood to autonomy and moral agency, pragmatic approaches suggest that functional legal recognition may be necessary to address accountability gaps created by autonomous systems. The study advocates for establishing a new category of “electronic agents” endowed with limited rights and strict liabilities, designed to facilitate legal interactions without undermining human dignity or rights. Through doctrinal and comparative legal analysis, this research highlights the urgent need for international harmonization of AI regulations to prevent jurisdictional fragmentation. The findings support a cautious, balanced expansion of legal subjectivity that accommodates technological evolution while preserving core ethical principles. By proposing practical, ethically sound frameworks for AI legal integration, this study contributes to the broader discourse on the future of law in an AI-driven world.