The study of paired and reduplicative words in Turkic Linguistics

Mazkur sharhda turkiy tillardagi juft va takroriy so‘zlarga bag‘ishlangan asosiy tadqiqotlar, ayniqsa, qoraqalpoq va o‘zbek tillariga oid ishlar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Ularning fonetik, morfologik, struktur-semantik, leksik-semantik va so‘z yasalishiga oid xususiyatlari muhokama qilinib, tasnifi va lingvistik maqomiga doir turlicha yondashuvlar yoritiladi. Sharh ingliz va qoraqalpoq tillaridagi takroriy so‘zlarni qiyosiy tadqiq etish uchun asos bo‘ladi.

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Kdirbaeva Bakhitgul Keunimjaevna. The study of paired and reduplicative words in Turkic Linguistics // «O‘zbekiston olima ayollarining mamlakat taraqqiyotiga qo‘shayotgan hissasi» mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiya materiallari (Nukus, 2026-yil 9–10-oktyabr). – Nukus, 2026. – B. 848–852. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.66073/ReFocus-Conf/0910168

«O‘zbekiston olima ayollarining mamlakat taraqqiyotiga qo‘shayotgan hissasi» XALQARO ILMIY-AMALIY KONFERENSIYA NUKUS, 9–10-OKT YABR 2026

UDK: 811.512.12 THE STUDY OF PAIRED AND REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN TURKIC LINGUISTICS Kdirbaeva Bakhitgul Keunimjaevna PhD, Assistant Lecturer Karakalpak State University e-mail: kdirbaevab@gmail.com

Abstract: This review examines major studies of paired and reduplicative words in Turkic languages, focusing particularly on Karakalpak and Uzbek. It discusses their phonetic, morphological, structural-semantic, lexical-semantic, and word-formational features and highlights differing approaches to their classification and linguistic status. The review provides a basis for comparative research on English and Karakalpak reduplicative words.

Keywords: paired words, reduplication, reduplicative words, Turkic languages, Karakalpak language, Uzbek language, word formation Introduction Paired and reduplicative words constitute a significant and structurally diverse group of linguistic units in Turkic languages.

Their complex phonetic, morphological, semantic, and word-formational characteristics have attracted the attention of linguists, although their linguistic status and relationship to compound words, paired words, and reduplication have been interpreted differently. Early studies mainly focused on the classification of paired words and the semantic relationships between their components, while later research expanded to their phonetic structure, morphological properties, lexical-semantic features, and functional characteristics. Particular attention has been paid to these formations in Bashkir, Yakut, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uyghur, Turkish, Kazakh, Tatar, Karakalpak, and Uzbek. The studies conducted in these languages have provided important theoretical and descriptive foundations for understanding the nature, formation, classification, and functions of paired and reduplicative words. The following review therefore considers the major contributions to the study of these formations, with particular emphasis on their development in Turkic linguistics and on research conducted in Karakalpak and Uzbek. Literature review In the 1930s, Dmitriev was the first to analyze paired words in Turkic languages in a special study. In his article, he divided paired words in the Bashkir language into three groups: 1) paired words in which both components have a real meaning, but whose whole meaning is broader than the meanings of the individual components; 2) paired words in which the second component has no real meaning and is used only for rhyme with the first component; and 3) paired words used in a morphological form, formed through the combination of verbs in affirmative and negative forms and adverbial forms that rhyme with each other [12]. One of the scholars who specifically studied paired words in the Yakut language, Ubryatova, focused on their principal characteristics and identified two methods of their formation: 1) the pairing method and 2) the agreement method. NUKUS · 2026

Word-forming and inflectional affixes can be attached only to the second component of paired words formed by the first method, whereas in paired words formed by the second method, they can be attached to both components. The scholar also demonstrated that paired words are formed from morphologically identical words, occur in all parts of speech, and possess the morphological and syntactic X A L Q A R O I L M I Y- A M A L I Y K O N F E R E N S I YA

characteristics typical of those parts of speech [20]. Shukurov, analyzing paired words in the Kyrgyz language, extensively examined their characteristics, their classification according to whether their components are meaningful or meaningless, and their grouping according to parts of speech [22]. In his study devoted to compound words in the Turkmen language, Berdiev extensively examined the semantics of the components of paired words and considered their relation to parts of speech within each semantic group [7]. Paired words were first analyzed relatively extensively in Khaydarov’s special monograph. In this work, he reviewed the study of paired words in Turkic languages « O ‘ Z B E K I S T O N O L I M A AY O L L A R I N I N G M A M L A K AT T A R A Q Q I Y O T I G A Q O ‘ S H AY O T G A N H I S S A S I »

and provided a comprehensive account of their phonetic characteristics, as well as their semantic-etymological and grammatical features in the Uyghur language. In this study, reduplicative words were not distinguished as a separate category but were considered together with paired words [14]. In his study devoted to fixed word combinations in Turkic languages, Muratov also discussed compound words, dividing them into: a) basic compound words, b) paired words, and c) compound words. Paired words were extensively analyzed by the scholar from lexical, phonetic, and morphological perspectives. In this work, reduplicative words and intensifying grammaticalized fixed word combinations were considered separately [15]. Aganin analyzed the phonetic, morphological, and lexical-semantic characteristics of paired and reduplicative words in the Turkish language and stated: “Paired words are not related to word formation and do not belong to the category of compound words. They are considered either free syntactic constructions or fixed phraseological units.” [2]. Bektash’s study is devoted to a comprehensive comparative-typological analysis of the phenomenon of reduplication in the Turkish and Tajik languages [6]. Garipov considers paired and reduplicative words in the Bashkir language to be compound words of the copulative type, that is, words formed through coordination [10]. Iskhakov considers paired words in the Kazakh language to be a separate type of compound word. Discussing reduplicative words, he notes that the repetition of identical words belonging to the same part of speech does not produce a new lexical meaning, but only expresses a grammatical meaning [23].

Oruzbaeva, taking into account the lexical-semantic and structural characteristics of paired words in the Kyrgyz language, classified them according to the lexical meanings of their components into: 1) fully meaningful paired words; 2) historically fully meaningful (synonymous) paired words; 3) reduplicative paired words; and 4) paired words whose components are not fully meaningful or which are NUKUS · 2026

rhyming paired words [18]. Yuldashev identified models such as az-maz, satır-sotır and aǵa-ini, arılastalımas as reduplicative and paired words, respectively, in which the components have no syntactic relationship [24]. Egorov considers paired words in Turkic languages to be an ancient type of X A L Q A R O I L M I Y- A M A L I Y K O N F E R E N S I YA

compound word. He points out that their components may be meaningful or meaningless and identifies the semantic relationships between them, such as synonymy, antonymy, part-whole relations, and others [13]. In Uzbek linguistics, paired words were studied in a special work by Abdurakhmanov [1]. A comprehensive description of paired words is provided in the monograph by Ganiev. In this work, they are regarded as a type of word formation based on components occurring in a coordinate relationship. The researcher extensively analyzed the formation models of paired words within each part of speech and examined the meanings of their components [9]. « O ‘ Z B E K I S T O N O L I M A AY O L L A R I N I N G M A M L A K AT T A R A Q Q I Y O T I G A Q O ‘ S H AY O T G A N H I S S A S I »

Baskakov, in his work The Karakalpak Language, refers to paired words using the term “compound words.” He identifies the following types of paired nouns: 1) paired-reduplicative intensifying words: tóbe-tóbe; 2) paired words expressing a collective meaning: er-júwen, ata-ana; 3) paired-reduplicative words expressing intensification: palaw-malaw, aǵash-paǵash; and 4) paired words with a shortened first component: tım-tırıs [4]. Other parts of speech were analyzed in a similar manner, including paired adjectives: jıllı-jıllı, esen-saw, mayda-shúyde, qıp-qızıl.

With the development of more extensive research into word formation in the Karakalpak language, paired words also began to be studied comprehensively. Najimov devoted special attention to this topic and defended a candidate dissertation [16] and published a monograph [17]. In these works, Najimov provided a relatively comprehensive analysis of paired and reduplicative words. One chapter of Bekbergenov’s monograph devoted to word formation is dedicated to reduplicative words in the Karakalpak language [5].

In Uzbek linguistics, reduplication was first studied by Ghulomov [11] and Hojiyev [21]. In particular, Hojiyev writes that reduplicative words arise through the repetition of the same word. In reduplicative words, the repetition of the same word expresses certain meanings in addition to the lexical meaning of the word itself. Therefore, such reduplicative words, when used to express a particular meaning, constitute a lexical and grammatical whole [8].

Buranova’s dissertation is devoted to reduplicative words in English and Uzbek. Her study provides a description of reduplicative words in English and Uzbek and identifies their phonetic characteristics, morphological properties, and semantic meanings. As a result of her research, Buranova reaches an important conclusion: in both languages, reduplicatives are formed through changes in vowels and consonants, and through this process, reduplicative word-forming types emerge that can contribute to the development and enrichment of the lexical stock of English and Uzbek [8]. Askarova also analyzes reduplication alongside other linguistic units expressing repetition. As a result of analyzing repetition in poetry translations, she NUKUS · 2026

demonstrated the existence of reduplication in English and Uzbek [3]. Rakhimova analyzed the morphological, phonetic, structural-semantic, and communicativefunctional characteristics of reduplicative words in English and Uzbek [19]. Conclusions and recommendations X A L Q A R O I L M I Y- A M A L I Y K O N F E R E N S I YA

The reviewed studies demonstrate that paired and reduplicative words have been investigated from a wide range of linguistic perspectives, including phonetic, morphological, structural, semantic, lexical, and functional approaches. Although scholars have proposed different classifications and interpretations of their linguistic status, the research consistently highlights the structural and semantic complexity of these formations and their important role in the lexical and grammatical systems of Turkic languages. In Karakalpak and Uzbek, considerable attention has been devoted to their formation, component relationships, lexical and grammatical meanings, and functional properties, while comparative studies involving English have further demonstrated both cross-linguistic similarities and differences in « O ‘ Z B E K I S T O N O L I M A AY O L L A R I N I N G M A M L A K AT T A R A Q Q I Y O T I G A Q O ‘ S H AY O T G A N H I S S A S I »

reduplicative structures. At the same time, the diversity of terminology and approaches indicates that certain aspects of paired and reduplicative words remain open to further investigation, particularly from a comparative structural-semantic perspective. These observations provide a theoretical basis for a more detailed comparative analysis of reduplicative words in English and Karakalpak.