LANGUAGE TOOLS THAT CREATE MEANING DIVERSITY IN ARTISTIC SPEECH

Zamonaviy ozarbayjon tili lug‘atida so‘zlar ma‘nosiga ko‘ra guruhlarga bo‘linadi. Shunday guruhlardan biriga bir-biriga qarama-qarshi ma‘noga ega so‘zlar kiradi. Bu - turli tur ma‘nolariga ega bo‘lgan va qarama-qarshilik darajasi bilan farqlanuvchi antonimlar guruhidir. To‘liq va nisbiy bo‘lgani holda, ular ozarbayjon tilining leksik-semantik tizimida muhim o‘rin egallaydi. Tilda antonimlarning paydo bo‘lishi, rivojlanishi va shakllanishi ular mansub bo‘lgan moddiy olam predmetlari, hodisalari va harakatlarining ziddiyatli tabiati bilan bog‘liq. Ma‘noviy ziddiyatlar so‘zlarda qarama-qarshi tarzda ifodalanadi. Aynan shuning uchun ular antonimlar hosil bo‘lishining asosiy omili sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi. Bu yerda odamlarning ijtimoiy hayot tajribasi ham rol o‘ynaydi. Insonlar o‘z hayotida moddiy olam predmetlari va hodisalarining belgi hamda sifatlarini anglaydi va ularni bir-biridan farqlaydi. Antonimlar orqali ifodalangan tushunchalar insonning mehnat faoliyati, turmush tarzi, ma‘naviy dunyosi va uning atrof-olamga munosabati bilan bog‘liq. Bu so‘zlar guruhi fikrni aniqroq va hissiy ifodalashga xizmat qiladi. Shu bois antonimlar maqollar va hikmatli iboralarda katta o‘rin tutadi. Ayrim antonimlar qo‘shma so‘zlar yasalishida muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Bu guruh so‘zlar ham zidlanadi. Masalan, do‘st-dushman, oq-qora, sovuq-issiq, yoz-qish va hokazo. Badiiy tilda antonimlar yordamida yuzaga keladigan uslubiy bo‘yoq va xususiyatlar juda ko‘p. Antonimlar qarama-qarshilikni ifodalagani uchun ular orqali belgi va sifatning ijobiy hamda salbiy tomonlari haqida aniq tasavvur hosil qilinadi. Antonimlarning uslubiy xususiyatlaridan biri shundaki, ular insonda ruhlanish, hissiy kechinma, badiiy va estetik did uyg‘otadi. Antonimlar obraz va mavzuni tasvirlashda, g‘oyalarni eng ta‘sirchan ifodalashda katta rol o‘ynaydi. Badiiy tilda antiteza antonim orqali yuzaga keladi. Antiteza hodisasi tasvirlanayotgan predmet xarakterini ochib berishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Uning markazida qarama-qarshilik turadi. Shu tufayli badiiy tilga alohida uslubiy ta‘sir baxsh etiladi va antonim ham, antiteza ham qarama-qarshi ma‘noli so‘zlar vositasida yuzaga keladi. Bu umumiylik ularning ikkalasiga ham taalluqli. Taqdim etilgan maqolada ozarbayjon tilining leksik-semantik tizimida antonimlarning roli haqida qisqacha ma‘lumot berilgan, shuningdek og‘zaki xalq adabiyotidan tanlangan misollar izohlangan.

LANGUAGE TOOLS THAT CREATE MEANING DIVERSITY IN ARTISTIC SPEECH Mammadova Melek Hidayat gizi Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, Doctor of Philosophy in Philology, Associate Professor E-mail: elka77@mail.ru https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15378188 Abstract: In the dictionary modern Azerbaijani language words separated on group by their значнию To one from such group belong words that have opposite friend friend These are the meanings. group verbs - antonyms, avaes different species значения, бесплатно и по degrees contradictions. Being full and relative, they are occupy important место в lexico-semantic system Azerbaijani language Emergence, development and formation Антонимов в языке connected with contradictory character subjects, events and actions material mira, to which they belong to Meat contradictions are expressed opposite in words. Exactly therefore they are performing basic factor education Antonimov. Here also plays role experience social life people. In his life people understand signs and qualities objects and events material world and distinguish their friend fire друга. Concepts, expressed antonyms, connected with work activity человека, образме life, spiritual with the world, his my attitude to my surroundings peace. This group word serves more accurate and emotional expression thoughts. Here why antonyms are playing big role in proverbs and wisdom in expressions. Some antonyms are playing important role in education complex word. These group word also they contrast. For example, friend-enemy, white-black, cold-hot, summer-winter, etc. d. Stylistic shades and features created antonyms in art language, quite numerous. Because antonyms express anger, through them is being created clear representation of positive and negative on the sides sign and quality. One from stylistic features antonyms is that, that they cause у человека enthusiasm, emotional feeling, artistic and aesthetic taste. Antonyms are playing big role in the description image and theme the most reach effective expressions ideas. Antithesis arises in art language through antonym. phenomenon antithesis plays important role in disclosure character depicted subject. In his center contrast. Thank you to this in art language is attached special stylistic effect and antonym and antithesis are being created by means of words with the opposite meaning. This community applicable to them both of them. В presented article thanks short role information Antonyms in lexical-semantic system Azerbaijani language, as well as thanks explanations on selected in examples from oral folk literature. Key words: lexical-semantic system, oral folk literature, time, space, antonym, contrast

ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ СРЕДСТВА, СОЗДАЮЩИЕ СМЫСЛОВОЕ РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ РЕЧИ Аннотация: В словаре современного азербайджанского языка слова разделены на группы по их значению К одной из таких групп относятся слова, имеющие противоположные друг другу Это значения. группа глаголов - антонимы, имеющие разные видовые значения, бесплатно и по степени противоречия. Будучи полными и относительными, они занимают важное место в лексико-семантической системе азербайджанского языка Возникновение, развитие и становление Антонимов на языке связано с противоречивым характером предметов, событий и действий материального мира, к которому они относятся Мясные противоречия выражаются противоположно в словах. Именно поэтому они выступают основным фактором образования Антонимов. Здесь также играет роль опыт социальной жизни людей. В своей жизни люди понимают признаки и качества предметов и событий материального мира и различают друг друга. Понятия, выраженные антонимами, связаны с трудовой деятельностью человека, образом жизни, духовным миром, его отношением к окружающему миру.

Эта группа слов служит более точному и эмоциональному выражению мыслей. Вот почему антонимы играют большую роль в пословицах и мудрых выражениях.

Некоторые антонимы играют важную роль в образовании сложных слов.

Эти групповые слова также контрастируют. Например, друг-враг, белый-черный, холодный-жаркий, лето-зима и т. д.

Стилистические оттенки и особенности, созданные антонимами в художественном языке, довольно многочисленны.

Поскольку антонимы выражают гнев, через них создается четкое представление о положительных и отрицательных сторонах знака и качества.

Одной из стилистических особенностей антонимов является то, что они вызывают у человека энтузиазм, эмоциональное чувство, художественный и эстетический вкус.

Антонимы играют большую роль в описании образа и темы, наиболее эффективном выражении идей. Антитеза возникает в художественном языке через антоним. Явление антитезы играет важную роль в раскрытии характера изображаемого предмета. В его центре контраст. Благодаря этому в художественном языке придается особый стилистический эффект, и антоним и антитеза создаются с помощью слов с противоположным значением. Эта общность применима к ним обоим.

В представленной статье благодарим за краткую информацию о роли антонимов в лексико-семантической системе азербайджанского языка, а также за пояснения по выбранным примерам из устной народной литературы.

Ключевые слова: лексико-семантическая система, устная народная литература, время, пространство, антоним, контраст

INTRODUCTION In the vocabulary of the modern Azerbaijani language, words are divided into groups according to their meaning. One of these groups is words that have opposite meanings to each other. These groups of words - antonyms, which have different types of meanings, also differ in the degree of contradiction. They occupy an important place in the lexical-semantic system of the Azerbaijani language, being complete and relative. The emergence, development and formation of antonyms in the language is related to the contradictions of objects, events and actions in the material world to which they belong. These contradictions are expressed by words with opposite meanings. That is why they act as the main factor in the formation of antonyms. People's social life experience also plays a role here. People perceive the signs and qualities of objects and events in the material world in their lives, distinguishing them from each other. The concepts expressed by antonymous words are related to a person's work activity, lifestyle, spiritual world and attitude towards the world surrounding him.

This group of words serves to express an idea more precisely and emotionally. Therefore, antonyms play a great role in proverbs and wise sayings. Some antonyms also play an important role in the formation of compound words. These word groups also create contrasts. For example, friend-enemy, black-white, cold-hot, summer-winter, etc. Stylistic nuances and features created by antonyms in artistic language. Antonyms express contrast, they create a clear idea of the positive and negative aspects of a trait or quality. Style of antonyms One of their characteristics is that they create enthusiasm, emotional feelings, and artistic and aesthetic pleasure in people. Antonyms play a major role in figurative description and thus in achieving effective expression of thought. Through antonyms, the phenomenon of antithesis is created in artistic language. The phenomenon of antithesis plays an important role in revealing the character of the described object. Contrast is at its center. Thanks to this, a special stylistic effect is given in artistic language. Both antonym and antithesis are formed by words with opposite meanings. This common feature applies to both of them. The presented article provides brief information about the role of antonyms in the language, which occupy an important place in the lexical-semantic system of the Azerbaijani language, and explains selected examples from oral folk literature. MAIN PART Antonym words occupy one of the main places in the lexical-semantic system of the Azerbaijani language. Antonyms are groups of words that differ in meaning and form. This word is borrowed from the Greek language. Anti - means opposite and onym - name. Professor Salim Jafarov writes that the words that make up antonyms have different phonetic pronunciations. Various contrasting phenomena, revealed through comparison and contrast, all contradictory aspects of the objective world are interpreted through antonyms, which form a series of concepts with opposite meanings. Antonyms are lexical means of expression that stand at the opposite pole. (7 p.35) This idea can be briefly explained as follows: antonyms are words with different phonetic compositions that express opposite aspects of concepts of quantity and quality, time and space. For example: little-much, brave-coward, white-black, sow-mow, good-bad, etc. The history of the creation of antonyms is ancient, that is, they arose from the early stages of the development of language. Can be seen mainly in the genres of oral folk literature such as legends, fairy tales, bayati, epics, proverbs, etc. Let us also note that antonyms are related to the meaning of words. They are related to words with signs of quantity and quality, time and space, and show the relationship of opposite signs. The opposition is absolute, it is related only to the opposite aspect, etc. Antonyms arise with the formation of words, the reflection of material existence, the concepts of objects and events. arises as a result of understanding through comparison. Professor H. Hasanov writes: “The emergence, development and formation of antonyms in the language is related to the contradictions of the objects, events and actions in the material world to which they belong. These contradictions are expressed by words with opposite meanings. That is why they act as the main factor in the formation of antonyms.” (8, p. 81-82)

Antonyms are words that express the qualities and characteristics of objects and events belonging to a category by contrasting their opposites. For example: bitter pear-sweet pear, bad man-good man-kind man, etc. Antonyms come from different sources. 1. Due to the internal capabilities of the language; 2. By borrowing words from other languages. Some of the antonyms that have arisen due to the internal capabilities of our language have naturally arisen to express opposites. For example, far-near, long-short, big-small, dry-wet, updown, hot-cold, little-much, have-not, earth-sky, etc. Some of the antonyms created by the internal capabilities of the language are formed on the basis of creating new words corresponding to certain concepts. The antonyms created in this way are divided into two parts: 1. Antonyms formed from words that are not formed from a single root word. For example, pedestrian-horse, empty-full, poor-rich, narrow-wide, clean-dirty, etc. 2. Antonyms formed from only the correct words. For example, sowing-harvesting, past-future, writing-posture, coming-going, etc. Antonyms formed by borrowing words from other languages. Antonyms formed in this way are themselves divided into two groups: 1. Antonyms formed from words borrowed from our own words. For example, healthy (Azerbaijan) – unpleasant (Persian), clear (Azerbaijan) – darkness (Arabic), then (Azerbaijan) – before (Arabic), master (Azerbaijan) – servant (Arabic), slow (Azerbaijan) – quick (Arabic), old (Azerbaijan) – old (Arabic). 2. Antonyms consisting of words borrowed from other languages only. For example, protest (Arabic) - confession (Arabic), infantry (Persian) - cavalry (Persian), peace (Arabic), - suffering (Arabic), winner (Arabic) - loser (Arabic), first (Arabic) - last (Arabic), friend (Persian) - enemy (Persian), happy (Persian) - unhappy (Persian), etc. in our language are structurally simple, compound, and complex: bad-good, little-much, day-night, straightness-curvature, entrance-exit, knowing badly - knowing perfectly, etc. Words that form antonyms belong to the same part of speech. For example, beautiful-ugly, long-short, silent-speaking, covering-uncovering, long-short, hardworking-lazy, straight-curved, cold-hot, uphill-downhill, day-night, sleeping-standing, sitting-getting up, etc. There are words in our language that have synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms. For example, the word yaş is homonyms in the sense of sulu and tavellud. However, this word has synonyms such as nəm, boyat, höyüş, and at the same time, the antonym of the word yaş is kurə. The word "it" is a homonym in the sense of "to get lost" and "it" (animal). The word "it" has a synonym "dog". At the same time, the word "cat" is an antonym for this word (9, p. 187). As for the meaning groups of antonyms, they are grouped as follows. 1. Those that express concepts related to space. 2. Those that express concepts related to the person himself and his work activities. 3. Those that express concepts related to time. 4. Those who express concepts related to natural phenomena. 5. Those who express concepts related to existence. 6. Those that express concepts related to signs, qualities, and characteristics. 7. Those that express concepts related to status, situation. (9,89) In language, they are divided into two categories: absolute and relative antonyms.

Absolute antonyms are antonyms that are not completely opposite in meaning due to their degree of opposition. For example: right-left, dead-alive, morning-evening, going-coming, etc. Relative antonyms are antonyms that are completely opposite in meaning, depending on the degree of opposition. For example: Autumn-winter, snow-rain, sky-earth, white-sky, etc. Relative antonyms are rare in the language. They are not symmetrical like absolute antonyms. Relative antonyms, unlike absolute antonyms, explain things and phenomena from different points of view. While absolute antonyms have synonymy, relative antonyms do not. In relative antonyms, the contrast is weaker than in absolute antonyms. Most of what we have listed above are found in Azerbaijani fairy tales. Based on these, we can say that antonyms are used to create contrast in fairy tales, just as they are in fiction. In Azerbaijani fairy tales, high moral qualities are conveyed to the reader through the power of artistic words by comparing big and small, rich and poor, good and evil, old and young, brave and cowardly, heaven and hell, etc. Little brother without thinking He climbed onto the older brother's tattered skin, took the middle brother's holey hat, closed his eyes, and arrived at that place. (The fairy tale "The Poor Girl and the Prince") In this example, small and large are absolute antonyms, while the word middle is their relative antonym. Other examples: Valley-hill. The king's son walked a little, then turned away, went straight through the valley and the hills, and finally arrived at a city. ("The Prince and the Poor Girl" fairy tale). More or less Malikmammad walked a little, walked a lot, went and went to a room. (The tale of Malikmammad) The main features of antonyms as a lexical-semantic category are that contradiction, contrast, and antonym arise from the semantics of words. Contradictions and contrasts are associated with the regular and repeated use of antonymous words in our speech, which is also reflected in the language of fairy tales. In this case, antonymous words create beauty in oral folk literature, including fairy tales. Therefore, antonyms create a stylistic nuance in the language, and their stylistic functions are diverse and colorful. 1. Antonyms used in fairy tales express contrasting events and create moral and aesthetic ideas. For example: You will go. Go to the old woman's house, there is a young man there, you can catch him and bring him back. (The tale of the "Talisman King's Daughter"). There was one, there was one not, there was a very handsome old king. (" The Tale of Bazuband "). 2. Antonyms are formed from words that express a related relationship through usage. One day the king's son said to the girl: - Brother, come and visit us tomorrow. My parents are waiting for you. His mother said: Oh son, I'm telling you that it was a girl, not a boy. If I didn't know, I wouldn't talk about it. ("The King's Son and the Envious Vizier" fairy tale).

There was one, there was one not, there was a man and a wife. (The fairy tale "The Wise Bald Man"). 3. Some antonyms are formed by taking a suffix. This boy has so much beauty and so much wisdom that, whether he likes it or not, everyone is drawn to his humanity and beauty. ("The Poor Boy and the King" fairy tale). Wherever you sent it, it came: I have no choice but to go back and forth. Sending it after the flame. (The tale of “ Guli – qahqah ”) 4. Antonyms are used in language to indicate time and place, and these ways arise: Malikmammad slept at his grandmother's house in the evening. Early in the morning, he learned the location of the dragon from the grandmother and went there. (The tale of Malikmammad) This (man) had nothing from a house to a house, he only had a mill. He was at this mill day and night. (The tale of "Bald Eye") Some antonyms describe the strata of people who differ from each other in their ideological positions and show their characteristic features: Then the king told his vizier that it was necessary to take action quickly. (The tale "The Black Slave and Sultan Suleiman"). Servant Nayib, they escorted them to the village. (The tale of the marriage of Bald Muhammad). young-old, father-mother, daughter-son, night-day, man- wife, king -servant in the above examples by groups are antonyms. We would also like to show a few examples that cover various areas in our tales and create antonymic contrasts : white-black. upon a time, there was a king. This king had only one son, the white of his eye. (The fairy tale "The State Bird"). Left and right. "Do not go to the right or to the left, if you fall, you will walk in the middle of the road." (The tale of "Gülü -qahqah "). Heaven and hell. After buying the horse, he said to his father, "Oh horse, take me to hell and heaven for the love of Prophet Solomon." Go and see if your father is in hell or heaven ? (" The Tale of the Son of Torju ") Maghreb- Mashriq. Torchu Oglu said: The nature of my horse is such that, for the love of the Prophet Solomon, take me from the west to the east, from hell to heaven. He will take me and make me walk. (" Torçuoqlu " tale ) Sow and reap In the past, there was a peasant in a village. This peasant supported his family by farming and harvesting. ( The tale of the "Kelekbaz" ). To speak – to be silent. A voice came from the bed. Speak. from me, from you to listen, and silence is for the sultan's daughter. ("The Poor Girl and the Prince" fairy tale). are made of a noble stone. You know what is above and below the earth. (The tale of the poor girl and the prince). Many Azerbaijani fairy tales contain some antonyms that are repeated over and over again. Such antonyms are found in the following expressions. One was, one was not. (One was, one was not).

They walked a little, stopped a lot, walked a lot, stopped a little. They climbed mountains, crossed valleys, and finally arrived at a castle. They were dressed from head to toe, they were dressed from foot to toe, they were dressed from head to toe, they were dressed from foot to toe. Rarely: the lower lip of the abdomen sweeps the ground, the upper lip is blue. As can be seen from the examples above, the antonyms used in Azerbaijani fairy tales are quite diverse in terms of style. Therefore, antonyms, as an effective stylistic tool, make the fairy tale language lively and have a great impact. Relevance : The vocabulary of a language has always been an object of research. One of the most researched areas in linguistics is lexicology. The constantly changing and developing part of the language system is vocabulary. From this perspective, issues such as thematic and lexical-semantic groups of words included in the lexical system, the study of these groups both separately and comparatively, etc. always retain their relevance in Azerbaijani linguistics. Scientific novelty. The article presents ideas about the main features of language as lexical-semantic categories, and the stylistic nuances and stylistic functions they create in artistic speech are noted with specific examples. Purpose and task: To show the importance of these word groups as a means of expression in language by noting examples of antithesis created by antonyms, which play an indispensable stylistic role in literary speech. CONCLUSION The study of the topic "Language tools that create meaning diversity in artistic speech" allows us to state the following conclusions. The facts mentioned in the researched source showed that antonyms contrast aspects of ideas and thoughts, relationships existing in the material world, and various events. Real life realities are more clearly portrayed through antonyms.