ТЎПОЛАНГ СУВ ОМБОРИДАГИ ФИЛЬТРАЦИЯ ЖАРАЁНЛАРИНИ БАРҚАРОРЛАШТИРИШ БЎЙИЧА АМАЛГА ОШИРИЛАЁТГАН ЧОРА-ТАДБИРЛАР САМАРАСИ

Ўзбекистон Республикасининг 2023 йил 30 августдаги “Гидротехникаиншоотларининг хавфсизлиги тўғрисида”ги Қонуни 3­бобида келтирилган“Гидротехника иншоотлари хавфсизлигини таъминлаш юзасиданфойдаланувчи ташкилотларнинг ҳуқуқ ва мажбуриятлари, буюртмачиташкилотларнинг, лойиҳа ва пудрат ташкилотларининг мажбуриятлари”вазифаларига асосан, “Ўзбекгидроэнерго” АЖ томонидан Тўполанг сувомборидаги фильтрация жараёнларини барқарорлаштириш бўйича бирқатор чора­тадбирлар амалга оширилмоқда.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15044858

ТЎПОЛАНГ СУВ ОМБОРИДАГИ ФИЛЬТРАЦИЯ ЖАРАЁНЛАРИНИ БАРҚАРОРЛАШТИРИШ БЎЙИЧА АМАЛГА ОШИРИЛАЁТГАН ЧОРА-ТАДБИРЛАР САМАРАСИ

“Гидротехмониторинг” МЧЖ Гидротехника иншоотларининг техник Синдор АСАДОВ ҳолатини натурада кузатиш, хавфсизлик мезонлари, декларациялари ва кадастр ҳужжатларини ишлаб чиқиш бўлими бошлиғи “Гидропроект” АЖ Дала муҳандислик-Илёс ЖУРАЕВ геологик тадқиқотлар ва геофизик тадқиқотлар бўлими бошлиғи

Ўзбекистон Республикасининг 2023 йил 30 августдаги “Гидротехника иншоотларининг хавфсизлиги тўғрисида”ги Қонуни 3-бобида келтирилган “Гидротехника иншоотлари хавфсизлигини таъминлаш юзасидан фойдаланувчи ташкилотларнинг ҳуқуқ ва мажбуриятлари, буюртмачи ташкилотларнинг, лойиҳа ва пудрат ташкилотларининг мажбуриятлари” вазифаларига асосан, “Ўзбекгидроэнерго” АЖ томонидан Тўполанг сув омборидаги фильтрация жараёнларини барқарорлаштириш бўйича бир қатор чора-тадбирлар амалга оширилмоқда.

Тўполанг сув омборидан ирригация ва гидроэлектр станция (ГЭС) режимлари бўйича фойдаланишда 2021 йилдан бошлаб тўлиқ лойиҳавий режимларда ишлаш мақсад қилинган.

Ушбу мақсадлар йўлида гидротехника иншоотларидан хавфсиз ва ишончли фойдаланиб боришда қуйидаги 4 босқичда иш олиб борилмоқда.

• Тўполанг сув омбори тўғони икки ён туташ қисмларидаги фильтрация жараёнлари бўйича геофизикавий кузатув;

• Тўғон танасидаги грунтларнинг структуравий ишчи ҳолати бўйича георадар кузатув;

• Тўғоннинг икки ён туташ қисмларидаги геолик қатламларидан чуқурлик бўйича намуналар (Керн) олиш;

• Тўполанг сув омборидаги гидротехника иншоотларининг амалдаги ҳолатлари бўйича топографик съёмкасини янгилаш ишлари амалга оширилди.

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“Гидропроект” АЖ томонидан: • Тўполанг сув омборидаги фильтрация сувларининг кимёвий таркибларига лаборатория шароитида аниқликлар киритиб борилди; • Тўполанг сув омбори тўғони икки ён туташ қисмларидаги фильтрация жараёнлари бўйича геофизикавий кузатувлар амалга оширилди.

“Гидротехмониторинг” МЧЖ томонидан: • Тўполанг сув омборидаги гидротехника иншоотларининг дефор­ мацияланиш ҳолатлари бўйича муҳандислик геодезия кузатув ишлари; • Тўполанг сув омборида мавжуд бўлган барча турдаги назорат-ўлчаш қурилмалари кўп йиллик кўрсаткичларининг комплекс таҳлили амалга оширилди.

2-босқич. Инструментал кузатув ишлари ва натурада олиб борилган кўп йиллик кузатувларнинг комплекс таҳлили “Ўзсувлойиҳа” АЖ ва “Гидропроект” АЖ лойиҳа институтлари, “Гидротехмониторинг” МЧЖ ҳамда Тўполанг сув омборидаги эксплуатация мутахассислари билан биргаликда, Тўполанг сув омборида жойлашган гидротехника иншоотларидаги фильтрация ва деформация жараёнлари бўйича қуйидаги таҳлиллар амалга оширилди. Деформация бўйича Сув омборидаги деформация жараёнларини кузатиб бориш бўйича “Гидротехмониторинг” МЧЖ томонидан 2022-2024 йилларда муҳандисликгеодезия ишлари амалга оширилди.

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VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 4 | 2024 УЗБЕKГИДРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА UZBEKHYDROPOWER

Таҳлиллар натижасига кўра, Тўполанг сув омбори тўғонидаги деформацияланиш ҳолатлари актив фазадан пассив фазага ўтиш жараёни даврида эканлиги аниқланди, хусусан, тўғон ўркачи марказининг ўртача йиллик чўкиши (-)20 мм/йил ва икки ён туташ қисмларининг ўртача йиллик чўкиши эса (-)13 – (-)14 мм/йилни ташкил этаётганлиги аниқланди.

Сув омборидаги фильтрация жараёнларини кузатиб бориш бўйича “Ўзсувлойиҳа” АЖ ва “Гидропроект” АЖ лойиҳа институтлари томонидан геофизика, георадар ва бошқа турдаги кузатувлар амалга оширилди ҳамда “Гидротехмониторинг” МЧЖ ва сув омборидаги эксплуатация мутахассислари билан биргаликда натурадаги кўп йиллик кузатувлар таҳлил қилинди.

- тўғон тана (ядро)сидаги босим градиент кўрсаткичи хавфсизлик мезон кўрсаткичлари доирасидалиги ва тўғон ядросига ўрнатилган датчикларда аномал кўрсаткичлар қайд этилмаганлиги аниқланди ҳамда тўғон танаси фильтрацияга қарши мустаҳкам деб белгиланди;

- тўғоннинг икки ён туташ қисмларидаги фильтрация сув сарфлари нобарқарор режимда шаклланиб борганлиги ва оқибатда белгиланмаган сув сарфи шаклланганлиги аниқланди, хусусан, тўғоннинг ўнг ён туташ қисмида жойлашган П-1 сонли дренаж туннелидан юқори бьеф сув сатҳининг максимал белгиларида 5000 л/с ҳамда тўғоннинг чап ён туташ қисмида жойлашган Қоплонсой номли гидропостида эса юқори бьеф сув сатҳининг максимал белгиларида 180 л/с фильтрация кузатилганлиги аниқланди.

Тўғоннинг икки ён туташ қисмларидаги нобарқарор фильтрация сув сарфларининг шаклланиш ҳудудларини аниқлаш мақсадида, эксплуатация ташкилоти томонидан сув омбори ҳавзасига (лотка орқали) чиққан ҳолда кунлик визуал кузатув ишлари йўлга қўйилди ва визуал кузатувлар натижасига кўра нобарқарор фильтрация сув сарфлари тўғоннинг икки ён туташ қисмларидаги тош-қатламлар ораси(ёриқлар)дан шаклланаётганлиги аниқланди.

Юқоридаги визуал кузатувлар натижасига асосан, “Ўзсувлойиҳа” АЖ ва “Гидропроект” АЖ лойиҳа институтлари ва “Гидротехмониторинг” МЧЖ билан биргаликда Тўполанг сув омборидаги фильтрация режимида ишлайдиган назорат-ўлчаш қурилмалари таҳлил қилинди ҳамда визуал кузатувларда аниқланган ёриқларга юқори бьеф сув сатҳи келганда тўғоннинг ўнг ва чап ён туташ қисмларидаги босимли ва босимсиз пьезометрлар ҳамда фильтрация сув сарфларини ўлчовчи қурилмаларда кескин динамик кўтарилишлар юзага келаётганлиги қайд этилди.

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ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ EXPLOITATION AND SAFETY

3-босқич. Фильтрация жараёнларини барқарорлаштириш бўйича амалга оширилган лойиҳалар Натурада олиб борилган инструментал, визуал ва таҳлилий кузатувлар натижаларига асосан қуйидаги лойиҳавий ечим амалга оширилди: - “Ўзсувлойиҳа” АЖ томонидан Тўполанг сув омбори тўғонининг ўнг ва чап ён туташ қисмларидаги фильтрация жараёнларини барқарорлаштириш бўйича юқори бьефнинг ўнг ва чап ён туташ қияликларининг “Бетон фартук” лойиҳаси қуйидаги босқичларда ишлаб чиқилди: Тўғоннинг ўнг ён туташ қияликларини бетон фартук қилиш бўйича: • 1-босқич 960,0 белгидан 942,0 белгига қадар; • 2-босқич 942,0 белгидан 928,0 белгига қадар; • 3-босқич 928,0 белгидан 901,0 белгилар қадар. Тўғоннинг чап ён туташ қияликларини бетон фартук қилиш бўйича: • 1-босқич 960,0 белгидан 932,0 белгига қадар; • 2-босқич 932,0 белгидан 884,0 белгига қадар. Ҳозирда лойиҳага асосан, тўғоннинг ўнг ён туташ қияликларини бетон фартук қилиш ишлари бўйича 1-босқич (960,0 белгидан 942,0 белгига қадар) қурилиш ишлари тўлиқ якунланган ҳамда якунланган ишларнинг ижобий натижалари ҳақидаги маълумотлар ушбу мақоланинг 4-босқичида келтирилади. - “Гидропроект” АЖ томонидан Тўполанг сув омбори тўғонининг ўнг ён туташ қисмидаги фильтрация жараёнини барқарорлаштириш бўйича тўғоннинг ўнг ён туташ қисмидаги цементация пардасини қўшимча цементация қилиш ишлари лойиҳаси амалга оширилмоқда.

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ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ EXPLOITATION AND SAFETY

4-босқич. Лойиҳаларга асосан, тўғоннинг ўнг ён туташ қисми қияликларида амалга оширилаётган бетон-фартук (қурилиш) ишлари ҳамда уларнинг ижобий натижалари

Тўғоннинг ўнг ён туташ қисми қияликларида амалга оширилаётган бетон-фартук ишларининг 1-босқичи (960,0 белгидан 942,0 белгига қадар) “To‘palang HPD Platinium” МЧЖ ташкилоти томонидан 2023 йилнинг 4-чорагидан бошланиб, 2024 йилнинг 3-чорагида якунланди. Тўғоннинг ўнг ён туташ қисми қияликларида амалга оширилаётган бетон-фартук ишларининг 1-босқичи якунига кўра, Тўполанг сув омборидаги фильтрация режимида ишлайдиган тўғоннинг ўнг ён туташ қисмларида жойлашган босимли ва босимсиз пьезометрларда кўп йилликка нисбатан гидростатик босим тушиши ҳамда фильтрация сувларини ўлчовчи қурилмаларда эса фильтрация сув сарфлари камайиши кузатилди.

Ҳозирги вақтда, “Ўзсувлойиҳа” АЖ ва “Гидропроект” АЖ лойиҳа институтлари, “Гидротехмониторинг” МЧЖ ҳамда Тўполанг сув омборидаги эксплуатация мутахассислари томонидан тўғоннинг ўнг ён туташ қисми қияликларида амалга оширилган бетон-фартук ишларининг 1-босқичи якуний натижаларига кўра ижобий хулосаларга келинди. Шунингдек, Тўполанг сув омборидаги фильтрация жараёнларини барқарорлаштириш бўйича амалга оширилаётган натурада кузатув, таҳлил, лойиҳа ва қурилиш ишлари мукаммал тарзда олиб борилаётганлиги натижаси ўз самарасини кўрсатаётганлиги алоҳида таъкидлаб ўтилди ҳамда ушбу ишлар фильтрация жараёнларини барқарорлаштираётганлигини инобатга олган ҳолда, Тўполанг сув омборидаги гидротехника иншоотларини 2025 йилдан бошлаб тўлиқ лойиҳавий режимларда ишлатиш, яъни юқори бьеф сув сатҳини нормал димланган сатҳга 960,0 белгигача кўтариш ва шу билан биргаликда, сув омбори ҳавзасига 500 млн.м3 сув ҳажмини тўплаш мақсад қилиб олинди.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14675692

SUV OMBORLARIDA REKONSTRUKSIYA VA MODERNIZATSIYA ISHLARI: ANDIJON SUV OMBORI MISOLIDA

Sa’diy SHUKUROV “Gidroqurilish buyurtmachi xizmati” MChJ bosh mutaxassisi

Annotatsiya: Maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2021-yil 10 dekabr­dagi PQ-44-sonli Qarori ijrosini ta’minlash maqsadida “suv ombori faoliyati­ ning xavfsizligini bosqichma-bosqich oshirish” doirasida amalga oshirilgan ishlar Andijon suv ombori misolida tahlil qilingan.

Kalit so‘zlar: Gidroenergetika, suv ombori, ekspluatatsiya, xavfsizlik, qo‘riq­ lash, video-kuzatuv, nazorat-tashxis, lokal xabar berish, kirishni nazorat qilish, avtomatlashtirilgan tizim, filtratsiya, to‘g‘on, seysmik xavfsizlik, boshqaruv samaradorligi,

РАБОТЫ ПО РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ И МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩ НА ПРИМЕРЕ АНДИЖАНСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА

Саъдий ШУКУРОВ Главный специалист ООО «Гидрокурилиш буюртмачи хизмати»

Аннотация: В статье представлен анализ работ, проведенных в рамках «поэтапного повышения безопасности деятельности водо­- х­ранилища» на примере Андижанского водох­ранилища в целях обеспечения исполнения Постановления Президента Республики Узбекистан № ПП-44 от 10 декабря 2021 года. Ключевые слова: Гидроэнергетика, водох­ ранилище, эксплуатация, безопасность, охрана, видеонаблюдение, контроль-диагностика, локальное оповещение, контроль доступа, авто­ матизированная система, фильтрация, плотина, сейсмическая безопасность, эффективность управления, модернизация, реконструкция.

WORK ON RECONSTRUCTION AND MODERNIZATION OF WATER RESERVOIRS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ANDIJAN WATER RESERVOIR

Sadiy SHUKUROV Chief Specialist LLC “Gidroqurilish buyurtmachi xizmati”

Abctract: The article analyzes the work carried out within the framework of “stage-bystage improvement of the safety of the reservoir‘s operation” using the example of the Andijan reservoir to ensure the implementation of the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-44 dated December 10, 2021. Keywords: Hydropower, reservoir, operation, safety, protection, video surveillance, control and diagnostics, local warning, access control, automated system, filtration, dam, seismic safety, management efficiency, modernization, reconstruction.

O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2021-yil 10-dekabrdagi “Gidro­ energetikani yanada rivojlantirish bo‘yicha qo‘shimcha chora-tadbirlar to‘g‘­ risida”gi PQ-44-sonli Qarori 3-ilovasiga asosan ishlab chiqilgan dastur ijrosini bosqichma-bosqich ta‘minlash maqsadida “O‘zbekgidroenergo” AJ tomonidan bir qancha amaliy ishlar olib borilmoqda. Ushbu Qarorning 3-ilovasi V-bandida belgilangan “O‘zbekgidroenergo” AJ tizimidagi suv omborlarining faoliyati xavfsizligini bosqichma-bosqich oshirish loyihasi asosida Jamiyat tizimida 2021-yilda “Suv omborlaridan samarali va xavfsiz foydalanishni tashkil etish boshqarmasi” tuzildi hamda “Suv omborlarini qurish

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VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 4 | 2024 УЗБЕKГИДРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА UZBEKHYDROPOWER

ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ EXPLOITATION AND SAFETY

va modernizatsiya qilish loyiha ofisi” MChJ (keyingi o‘rinlarda – “Loyiha ofisi”) ta‘sis etildi. Qisqa davr ichida Loyiha ofisi tomonidan 6 ta suv omborining faoliyat xavfsizligini oshirish maqsadida tasdiqlangan manzilli dasturlar asosida umumiy 58 ta loyiha ishlab chiqildi, shulardan 37 ta loyiha to‘liq tugatilib, foydalanishga topshirildi hamda 21 ta loyihada qurilish-montaj ishlari davom etmoqda. Ushbu maqolada Andijon suv ombori misolida olib borilayotgan rekonstruksiya va modernizatsiya ishlari bilan yaqindan tanishib chiqishingiz mumkin. Ma‘lumki, Andijon suv ombori qo‘shni davlat chegarasiga yaqin joylashgan va qurilganligiga 50 yildan oshgan muhim strategik obyekt hisoblanadi. Aynan shu sababdan, birinchi navbatda, ushbu suv omborida obyekt xavfsizligini baholash mezonlarini ishlab chiqish hamda rekonstruksiya va modernizatsiya ishlarini olib borish dolzarb hisoblanadi. Andijon suv omborining faoliyati xavfsizligini oshirish maqsadida umumiy 7 ta loyiha ishlab chiqilib, loyiha bo‘yicha qurilish-montaj ishlari to‘liq tugatildi va foydalanishga topshirildi. Quyida suv omborining faoliyati xavfsizligini oshirish doirasida bajarilgan ishlar haqida qisqacha ma’lumot keltiriladi:

1. Andijon suv ombori hududida lokal darajadagi favqulodda vaziyatlar xavfi yoki sodir bo‘lishi to‘g‘risida aholini ogohlantirish va xabar berish avtomatlashtirilgan tizimini yaratish (LSO):

Loyihaning maqsadi: Suv ombori xavfsizligini ta‘minlash maqsadida, favqulodda holatlardan ogohlantirish tizimlarini zamonaviy talablar asosida amalga oshirish. “Andijon suv ombori” qoshidagi avtomatlashtirilgan xabar berish va ma’lu­ mot yetkazish tizimi, hududiy ogohlantirish tizimi tarkibiga kiradi. Uning yorda­ mida potensial xavf yuzasidan obyekt rahbariyati va xodimlarini, yaqin atrofda yashovchi aholi, davlat favqulodda vaziyatlar xizmati organlarini, dispetcherlik xizmatlari, obyektdan 8 km radiusda joylashgan tashkilot va muassasalarni xabardor qilish amalga oshiriladi. Hozirda dastur-apparat ogohlantirish vositalari majmuasi “MARS-ARSENAL” ishlab chiqilgan, bu ixtisoslashtirilgan yechim bo‘lib, u quyidagilarni o‘z ichiga oladi:

O‘ZBEKGIDROENERGETIKA PRINT ISSN 3060-4672 126 УЗБЕKГИДРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА UZBEKHYDROPOWER VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 4 | 2024

- amaliy dasturiy ta’minot bilan boshqaruv panellari; - sirena va sirena-ovozli uskunalar; - radio-, tele- va videosignallarni jamlash uskunalari; - telefon abonentlari uchun ogohlantirish tizimlari; uchinchi tomon ogohlantirish tizimlari va uskunalari bilan bog‘lanish uchun qurilmalar; - suv sathi, atrof-muhitning radiatsiyaviy-kimyoviy holatini kuzatish va turli sensorlar monitoringi uchun stansiyalar. Xabar berish postlarining 8 km masofada joylashgan manzillari: - 1-xabar berish posti “Andijon suv ombori” to‘g‘oni hududidagi bino tomida (Akustik xabarlash bloki (AXB)-2400); - 2-xabar berish posti (AXB-600) “Kampirravot” mahallasidagi gidrouzelda maxsus o‘rnatilgan minorada; - 3-xabar berish posti (AXB-600) Xonobod shahri “Andijon suv ombori” yo‘li (eski AYOQSH yonida) maxsus o‘rnatilgan minorada; - 4-xabar berish posti (AXB-2400) “Andijon suv ombori”dan Xonobod shahri yo‘lidagi T-simon chorraha yonida maxsus o‘rnatilgan minorada; - 5-xabar berish posti (AXB-2400) “Sultonobod” aholi punkti markazida maxsus o‘rnatilgan minorada.

Loyihaning natijasi: Bugungi kunda suv omborida favqulodda holatlarda foydalanuvchi tashkilot rahbariyati va xodimlarini, yaqin atrofda yashovchi aholi, davlat favqulodda vaziyatlar xizmati organlarini, dispetcherlik xizmatlari, obyektdan 8 km radiusda joylashgan tashkilot va muassasalarni xabardor qilish amalga oshiriladi.

2. Andijon suv omboridagi ko‘priksimon kranlarini hamda barcha xizmat va favqulodda vaziyatlarda foydalaniladigan zinapoyalarini rekonstruksiya qilish

Bajarilgan ishlar: - 661 metr zinapoyalarni yangilash ishlari; - 1186 metr uzunlikdagi to‘siqlarni almashtirish ishlari;

PRINT ISSN 3060-4672 O‘ZBEKGIDROENERGETIKA

VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 4 | 2024 УЗБЕKГИДРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА UZBEKHYDROPOWER

ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ EXPLOITATION AND SAFETY

- 225 m2 maydonchalarni yangilash ishlari; - 1280 m2 kranlarning tom qismini almashtirish ishlari to‘liq amalga oshirildi.

Loyihaning maqsadi va natijasi: Andijon suv ombori to‘g‘oni 817-belgisidagi 16- va 21- seksiyalaridagi 2 dona 30 tonna hamda 845-belgidagi 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21-seksiyalarida joylashgan 8 dona 50/10 tonna yuk ko‘tarish qobiliyatiga ega bo‘lgan ko‘priksimon kranlar hamda favqulodda va xizmat zinalari 1976-yilda qurilgan bo‘lib, namlik kuchli bo‘lgan sharoitda korroziyaga uchrab, yaroqsiz holga kelgan edi. Yuqoridagi rekonstruksiya ishlari bajarilgandan so‘ng, suv omboridagi ko‘priksimon kranlarni hamda barcha xizmat va favqulodda holatlarda foyda­ laniladigan zinapoyalarning uzoq yillar xavfsiz ishlashi kafolatlandi.

3. Andijon suv ombori to‘g‘onidagi filtratsiya suvlarini chiqarib tashlash (qaytarish) uchun drenaj nasos stansiyasini rekonstruksiya qilish

Loyihaning maqsadi: Yangi, energiya-tejamkor, zamonaviy nasos agre­ gatlariga almashtirish natijasida, to‘g‘on ichki qismiga sizib chiquvchi filtratsiya suvlarini uzoq muddat davomida uzluksiz chiqarib tashlashni tashkil etish.

Andijon suv ombori to‘g‘onining 812-belgisida joylashgan filtratsiya suvlarini chiqarib tashlashga mo‘ljallangan drenaj nasos stansiyasida to‘g‘on ichki qismiga sizib chiquvchi filtratsiya suvlarini avankamera orqali to‘g‘on tashqarisiga chiqarib yuborish uchun mo‘ljallangan soatiga 600 m3 suv chiqarish qobiliyatiga ega bo‘lgan 14 dona 20A rusumli nasos agregatlari o‘rnatilgan edi. Ularning elektr dvigatellari 75 kVt bo‘lib, qurilish davridagi texnik suvlarni ham chiqarib tashlashga mo‘ljallangan. Nasos uskunalarining ekspluatatsiya davri – 45 yil. Yangi loyihada 6 dona VMF 7B turidagi nasoslar o‘rnatildi. 1. Nasos tavsifi: • Hisobiy suv sarfi 600 m3/soat; • Nasosning umumiy bosimi: 26,22 m; • Ishchi g‘ildiragi diametri: 351 mm; • Ishchi g‘ildirak turi: 2-KANALLI

O‘ZBEKGIDROENERGETIKA PRINT ISSN 3060-4672 128 УЗБЕKГИДРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА UZBEKHYDROPOWER VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 4 | 2024

2. Elektr yuritma (dvigatel) tavsifi: • Quvvat iste’moli – R1: 75 kVt; • Nominal quvvat – R2: 68 kVt; • Tarmoq chastotasi: 50 Gs; • Nominal kuchlanish: 3x400/690 V; • Ruxsat etilgan kuchlanishining o‘chirilishi: +10/-10 %; • Maksimal ulanishlar soni – soatiga 15 martagacha; • Nominal tok: 123/72 A; • Maksimal tok iste’moli: 123 kVt/soat; • yuklamada yuritma samaradorligi: 95%; • 1/2 yuklamada yuritma samaradorligi: 94%; • Qutblar soni: 4; • Himoya darajasi (IEC 34-5): IP68. 6 dona SK-712/SS-1-75 tipidagi yum­ shoq starterli quvvatni boshqarish kabinasi (Silovoy shkaf upravleniya s ustroystvom plavnogo puska). 3. 1 ta komplekt 10 tonna yuk ko‘taruvchi kozlovoy kran; 4. 2 ta markazdan qochma ventilyatorlar o‘rnatildi; 5. 2 ta markazdan qochma nasos ESV-12 o‘rnatish va boshqa ishlar bajarildi.

Loyihaning natijasi: Yangi, energiya-tejamkor, zamonaviy nasos agregat­ lariga almashtirish natijasida, to‘g‘on ichki qismiga sizib o‘tuvchi filtratsiya suvlarini avtomatik hamda uzoq muddat davomida uzluksiz chiqarib tashlash ta’minlandi.

4. “Andijon suv omborini texnik qo‘riqlash vositalari majmuasi (KTSO), qo‘riqlash televideniyasi (SOT), signal chaqirish signalizatsiyasi (TVS), kirishni nazorat qilish va boshqarish (SKUD), qo‘riqlash yong‘in signalizatsiyasi (OPS) va dinamik aloqa (GGS) tizimlari bilan jihozlash”

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VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 4 | 2024 УЗБЕKГИДРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА UZBEKHYDROPOWER

ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ EXPLOITATION AND SAFETY

Loyihaning maqsadi: Qo‘riqlash perimetri bo‘ylab videokuzatuv monitoringini olib borish va yozib borish, qoidabuzar tomonidan perimetr zonasini yengib o‘tish faktini (urinishlarini) darhol aniqlash va signal berish, kirishni nazorat qilish va boshqarish tizimi orqali xodimlarning shaxsini aniqlash va hududga kirib-chiqishini qayd etib borish.

Obyektning asosiy inshootlari: - Texnik qo‘riqlash vositalari majmuasi (KTSO); - Qo‘riqlash televideniyasi (SOT); - Signal chaqirish qurilmasi (TVS); - Kirishni nazorat qilish va boshqarish (SKUD); - Qo‘riqlash yong‘in signalizatsiyasi (OPS); - Dinamik aloqa tizimlari (GGS).

Perimetr xavfsizlik tizimi quyidagi vazifalarni bajaradi: • qoidabuzar tomonidan perimetr zonasini yengib o‘tish faktini (urinishlarini) darhol aniqlash; • xavfsizlik zonalarining hozirgi holati to‘g‘risida ma’lumot olish (ochiq, yopiq, qo‘riqlashda, ogohlantirishda); • navbatchining buyrug‘i bilan alohida zonalar yoki zonalar guruhlarini qo‘riqlash; • qo‘riqlash kuchlari postining boshqaruv pultiga tashqi qo‘riqlash panjarasini buzib o‘tish holati haqida xabar (signal) berish; • ichki va tashqi hududlardagi vaziyatni uzluksiz vizual monitoring qilish; • bir vaqtning o‘zida ulangan kameralar tasvirlarini monitor ekranlariga chiqarish; • deteksiya bo‘yicha yozib olish; • video-ma’lumotni yozib olish bilan parallel ravishda ko‘rish, ma’lu­ motlarni qayta ishlash va lokal tarmoq orqali uzatish imkoniyati; • video-ma’lumotlarini ko‘rsatish va avtomatik ravishda yozib olish; • arxiv yaratish; • xavfsizlik xizmati xodimlarini xavotir-chaqirish signalizatsiya quril­ malarining ishlab ketganligi haqida xabardor qilish; • vaqti va joyi bo‘yicha xavotir xabarini qayd etish; • qo‘riqlash xodimlari faoliyatini nazorat qilish; • patrul xodimining oldindan belgilangan yo‘nalish bo‘ylab o‘tishini nazorat qilish; • yong‘in paydo bo‘lishi, ruxsatsiz hududga kirish holatlarini aniqlash, qo‘riqlash posti navbatchi xodimlariga xavf signalini yetkazish va ijro etuvchi uskunalarini ishga tushirish uchun mo‘ljallangan.

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Loyihaning natijasi: Qo‘riqlash perimetri bo‘ylab video-kuzatuv monito­ ringi olib boriladi va yozib boriladi, qoidabuzar tomonidan perimetr zonasini yengib o‘tish faktini (urinishlarini) darhol aniqlab signal beradi, kirishni nazorat qilish va boshqarish tizimi orqali xodimlarning shaxsini aniqlash va hududga kirib-chiqishi qayd etib boriladi.

5. “Andijon suv omborining ta’qiqlangan hududi perimetri bo‘ylab muhandislik qo‘riqlash vositalari (ikki qator to‘siq, yoritish, naryad va mutaxassislar yurishi yo‘lagi) ni o‘rnatish”

Loyihaning maqsadi: Suv omborining ta’qiqlangan perimetri bo‘ylab qo‘riqlash vositalari (ikki qator to‘siq, yoritish, naryad va mutaxassislar yurishi yo‘lagi) ni o‘rnatish.

Obyekt bo‘yicha texnik me’moriy-qurilish yechimlari quyidagi ma’lumotlar bilan tavsiflanadi: - to‘g‘onning o‘ng tomoni (bort) bo‘ylab va GES hududi atrofıda qurilishi rejalashtirilgan panjarali to‘siqning umumiy uzunligi – 5 960 metrni tashkil etadi. To‘g‘ri chiziq bo‘ylab o‘rnatiladigan panjarali to‘siq (3D Gitter h=4metr) ning uzunligi – 1 200 metr, to‘g‘ri chiziq bo‘ylab o‘rnatiladigan panjarali to‘siq (3D Gitter h=2,5metr) ning uzunligi – 2 200 metr, tik qiyalikdagi panjara (Ryabitsa setka h=4metr) ning uzunligi – 260 metr, tik qiyalikdagi panjara (Ryabitsa setka h=2,5metr) ning uzunligi – 600 metr. Bundan tashqari, loyihaga umumiy uzunligi 1 700 metr bo‘lgan tikonli simlarni tosh devorlar ustiga o‘rnatish ishlari kiritilgan. Elektr ta’minoti. Loyihada elektr ta’minoti bo‘yicha quvvati oshmagan, lekin ta’mirlash ishlari nazarda tutilgan bo‘lib, undan tashqari avtomatika tizimlari ham ta’minlangan. Panjarali to‘siq yoritkichlarini elektr energiyasi bilan ta’minlash mavjud transformatorlar orqali, 0,4 kV shinali joyidagi avtomatik ajratgich yordamida amalga oshiriladi. Chiroqlarning elektr ta’minoti va boshqarish loyihada tashqi

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VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 4 | 2024 УЗБЕKГИДРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА UZBEKHYDROPOWER

ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ EXPLOITATION AND SAFETY

yoritkichlarni boshqarish shkafi orqali bajariladi. To‘siqni yoritish ishlari 220 Vt va 150 Vt bo‘lgan yorug‘lik diodli chiroqlar bilan amalga oshiriladi.

Loyihaning natijasi: Suv omborining ta’qiqlangan perimetri bo‘ylab qo‘riqlash vositalari, ya’ni ikki qator to‘siq, yoritish uskunalari hamda naryad va mutaxassislar yurishi yo‘lagi o‘rnatildi.

6. “Andijon GESlar kaskadi” filiali obyektlarida markazlashtirilgan video-kuzatuv tizimini joriy etish”

Loyihaning maqsadi: Belgilangan kuzatuvdagi zonalar holatini kecha-yu kunduz monitoringini ta’minlash, xodimlar tomonidan xavfsizlik talablariga rioya etilishini nazorat qilish, nazorat qilinadigan hududlarda favqulodda vaziyatlar, shuningdek, operativ xodimlarning harakatlari haqidagi ma’lumotlarni ro‘yxatdan o‘tkazish va hujjatlashtirish, obyekt xavfsizligiga ta’sir qilishi mumkin bo‘lgan beqarorlashtiruvchi omillar mavjudligi (bo‘lishini) nazorat qilish, obyekt hududiga kirishiga ruxsat etilmagan shaxslarning noqonuniy xatti-harakatlarini aniqlash va ular haqida GES xavfsizlik xodimlari hamda rahbariyatga zudlik bilan xabar berish.

“Andijon GESlar kaskadi” filiali 3 ta GESni o‘z ichiga oladi.

Shundan loyihaning ushbu bosqichida “Andijon GES-2 va GES-1” va “Kudash GES”larida markazlashtirilgan video-kuzatuv tizimini joriy etish ko‘zda tutilgan. Bunda, GES-2 binosining mashina zali, yerto‘la qismi, kompressor zallari, GES- 1 ning suv olish kanali, suv omborining avtoturargoh va omborxona binolarida markazlashtirilgan video-kuzatuv tizimini o‘rnatish va tasvirlarni maxsus jihozlangan kuzatuv xonasida o‘rnatilgan server orqali kuzatish punktiga uzluksiz uzatib borishni ta’minlovchi qurilmalarni o‘rnatish ishlari amalga oshirildi.

O‘ZBEKGIDROENERGETIKA PRINT ISSN 3060-4672 132 УЗБЕKГИДРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА UZBEKHYDROPOWER VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 4 | 2024

Loyiha doirasida jami 46 dona kameralarni o‘rnatish ishlari, 4 117 metr turli kabellar tortish ishlari va 89 dona boshqa yordamchi uskuna-jihozlari o‘rnatildi, jumladan: Bosh bo‘g‘in (GES-1 va GES-2): • 32 dona videokamera; • 2 830 m kabellar; • 68 ta yordamchi uskuna-jihozlari. Kudash GES: • 14 dona videokamera; • 1 287 m kabellar; • 21 ta yordamchi uskuna-jihozlari.

Loyihaning natijasi: Belgilangan kuzatuvdagi zonalar holatini kecha-yu kunduz uzluksiz monitoringi ta’minlandi, obyekt xavfsizligiga ta’sir qilishi mumkin bo‘lgan beqarorlashtiruvchi omillar mavjudligi (bo‘lishini) nazorat qilinadi hamda GES xavfsizlik xodimlari va rahbariyatga zudlik bilan xabar berish tizimi joriy etildi.

7. “Andijon suv omborining nazorat-o‘lchov qurilmalarini avtomatlashtirish” ishchi loyihasi

Loyihaning maqsadi: Andijon suv omborini yanada ishonchli va xavfsiz ishlashini ta’minlash, obyektda favqulodda vaziyatlar yuzaga kelishi ehtimolini oldini olish uchun nazorat-o‘lchash qurilmalaridagi (NO‘Q) ma’lumotlarni “onlayn tarzda monitoring qilish” hamda avtomatlashtirilgan tashxis-nazorat tizimini yaratish.

Andijon suv omboridagi nazorat-o‘lchash qurilmalarini avtomatlashtirish natijasida obyektning to‘g‘ri ekspluatatsiyasi va boshqaruv samaradorligini oshirishga erishiladi hamda texnologik uskunalarning ishonchli ishlashi ta’minlanadi.

PRINT ISSN 3060-4672 O‘ZBEKGIDROENERGETIKA

VOLUME 6 | ISSUE 4 | 2024 УЗБЕKГИДРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА UZBEKHYDROPOWER

ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ EXPLOITATION AND SAFETY

Avtomatlashtirish – bu avtomatik tizimlar va ularni tashkil etuvchi texnik vositalarni qurish tamoyillari va usullarini ishlab chiqish bilan shug‘ullanadigan fan va texnikaning bir tarmog‘idir.

Avtomatik boshqarish – insonning bevosita ishtirokisiz avtomatik boshqarish moslamasi tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. Agar boshqaruv ta’siri inson ishtirokida ishlab chiqarilsa, bunday boshqaruv yarim avtomatik, tegishli tizimlar esa avtomatlashtirilgan boshqaruv tizimlari deb hisoblanadi. Avtomatik boshqaruv (tartibga solish) tizimi – boshqariladigan obyekt (agregat, nasos stansiyasi, stanok, gidromeliorativ tizim, ustaxona, zavod va boshqalar bo‘lishi mumkin) va boshqaruv moslamasi, ularning o‘zaro ta’siri obyektning о‘z funksiyalarini ma’lum bir qonunga muvofiq boshqarishni insonning bevosita aralashuvisiz bajarishini ta’minlaydi.

Avtomatlashtirilgan tashxis nazorati tizimi (ATNT) – inshootda o‘rnatilgan nazorat-o‘chash qurilmalaridan olingan natijalarni bir vaqtning o‘zida avtomatik ravishda so‘rov qilish, xavfsizlik mezonlari bilan taqqoslash, uning asosida tuzilmalarning holatini avtomatik ravishda diagnostika qilish tizimi joriy etildi.

Bundan tashqari, bosimli pyezometrlarni avtomatlashtirish – Andijon suv ombori tunnellarida jami 122 ta ishchi holatdagi bosimli pyezometrlar mavjud. Ushbu pyezometrlarga suv bosimini o‘lchash uchun tebranuvchan simli qurilmalar o‘rnatildi. Tebranuvchan simli suv bosimini o‘lchash qurilmasi undagi ma’lumotlarni (pyezometrlardagi bosim va o‘zgarishini) maxsus simlar (kabel) orqali elektron tarzda multiplekser qurilmasi orqali yoki mavjud vaziyatdan kelib chiqqan holda to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri dataloggerga uzatadi. Datalogger ma’lumotlarni tahlil qiladi, qayta ishlaydi va tahlil markazi serveriga yuboradi. Tahlil markazi serveridagi ma’lumotlar kuzatuv monitorida aks ettirilishi hisobiga avtomatlashtiriladi.

Andijon suv ombori to‘g‘onida jami 122 ta bosimli pyezometrlar o‘matilgan. Shundan 10 tasi 804-belgidagi galereyada, 14 tasi to‘g‘onning o‘ng qirg‘og‘i 810/861 belgilarida, 77 tasi 793-belgidagi galereyada, 21 tasi to‘g‘onning chap qirg‘og‘i 885/798 belgilarida o‘rnatilgan. Sanab o‘tilgan pyezometrlarning barchasi avtomatlashtirildi.

Andijon suv omborida 122 dona bosimli pyezometrlar bosimni kuzatish, 120 dona bosimsiz pyezometrlar suv sathini kuzatish, 6 seksiyadagi jami 40 dona to‘g‘ri va teskari otveslar gorizontal siljishlari hamda seksiyalar harakatini kuzatish va o‘lchov ishlarini amalga oshirish, 845-belgidagi 51 dona nishonchalar (stvornie znaki v galereyax) gorizontal siljishlarini optik usulda o‘lchash, 44 dona yoriq o‘lchagichlar (shelemerlar) to‘g‘ri chiziq bo‘ylab harakatni kuzatish, gidrostatik nivelirlar og‘ishni o‘lchash, beton to‘g‘onining suv omboridagi suv hajmi va sathini o‘lchash, gidropostdagi suv sarfini monitoring qilish, GESning suv chiqish inshooti suv sarfini monitoring qilish, suv ombori suv chiqarish inshooti darvozasining ochilishi va yopilishi hisobini yuritish usullari ma’nan eskirganligi, filtratsiya suvlarini o‘lchash (FSO‘) qurilma (vodosliv)lari va suv ombori suvining harorati uchun avtomatlashtirilgan raqamli datchiklar hamda ob-havo ma’lumotlarini aniqlovchi avtomatlashtirilgan qurilmalar o‘rnatilishi, suv o‘tkazgich (vodosliv) larni masofadan video-kuzatuv tizimini joriy qilish tatbiq qilindi.

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Bundan tashqari, Andijon suv ombori to‘g‘oni tizimini seysmik xavfsizligini ta’minlash tizimini avtomatlashtirish uchun suv ombori to‘g‘oniga avtomatlashtirilgan seysmik kuzatuv datchiklari o‘rnatildi.

Shuningdek, loyiha doirasida suv ombori ATNT binosi ham zamonaviy tarzda qayda ta’mirlanib jihozlandi.

Loyihaning natijasi: Andijon suv omboridagi nazorat-o‘lchash qurilmalarini avtomatlashtirish natijasida obyektning to‘g‘ri ekspluatatsiyasi va boshqaruv samaradorligini oshirishga erishildi hamda texnologik uskunalarning ishonchli ishlashi ta’minlandi.

Qisqacha qilib aytganda, Andijon suv omborining faoliyati xavfsizligini oshirish maqsadida kompleks yechimlar asosida tizimli ravishda rekonstruksiya va modernizatsiya ishlari olib borilib, mazkur inshootdan xavfsiz foydalanishga zamin yaratildi.

Shu bilan birga, “O‘zbekgidroenergo” AJ tomonidan To‘polang, Chorvoq, Ohangaron, Sardoba va Hisorak suv omborlarida ham xuddi shunga o‘xshash xavfsizlikka qaratilgan kompleks loyihalar ishlab chiqilib, amalga oshirilgan hamda hozirgi kunda foydalanishga topshirilgan.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14675692

THE CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING SOCIAL PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Shermukhammad Head of the Foreign Investment Procurement Control Department ABDUKHALILOV of JSC “Uzbekhydroenergo”

Abstract: The introduction lays the groundwork for understanding the multifaceted nature of public procurement, highlighting its evolving role beyond mere financial goals toward achieving broader social, economic, and environmental objectives. It introduces the concept of “social public procurement” as a means to leverage purchasing authority for positive societal impacts, citing examples from various countries and scholarly works. The thesis statement focuses on investigating the challenges of implementing social public procurement (SPP) in developing countries, emphasizing the significance of understanding these challenges for promoting sustainable development and reducing inequality. The subsequent sections provide a comprehensive review of institutional theory, the concept of social public procurement, challenges faced in implementation, and case studies from Ghana, Kenya, and Bangladesh, offering a detailed analysis of barriers and potential strategies for overcoming them. The conclusion summarizes the key challenges identified and proposes recommendations to address them, stressing the importance of regulatory strengthening, capacity building, and awarenessraising initiatives for fostering responsible procurement practices globally. Overall, the introduction and subsequent sections provide a thorough overview of the research topic, setting the stage for a comprehensive examination of the complexities surrounding social public procurement in developing nations.

Keywords: Public procurement, Social public procurement (SPP), Best value for money (BVM), Social linkages, socially responsible public procurement (SRPP), Affirmative action programs, Set-aside programs, Institutional frameworks, Environmental Preferable Purchasing Program (EPPP), Sustainable Public Procurement Program (SPPP), Employment, Social value, Sustainable development, Inequality, Capacity building, Transparency, Corruption, Poverty, Political influence.

RIVOJLANAYOTGAN MAMLAKATLARDA IJTIMOIY DAVLAT XARIDLARINI AMALGA OSHIRISH MUAMMOLARI Shermuhammad ABDUXALILOV “O‘zbekgidroenergo” AJ Xorijiy investitsiyalar bo‘yicha xaridlarni nazorat qilish bo‘limi boshlig‘i

Annotatsiya: Muqaddima davlat xaridlarining ko‘p qirrali mohiyatini tushunish uchun asos yaratadi, uning kengroq ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy va ekologik maqsadlarga erishishda oddiy moliyaviy maqsadlardan tashqari rivojlanayotgan rolini ta‘kidlaydi. Unda “ijtimoiy davlat xaridlari” tushunchasi jamiyatga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatish uchun xarid qobiliyatidan foydalanish vositasi sifatida, turli mamlakatlar va ilmiy maqolalardan misollar keltirgan holda tanishtiriladi.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ЗАКУПОК В РАЗВИВАЮЩИХСЯ СТРАНАХ Шермухаммад АБДУХАЛИЛОВ Начальник отдела контроля закупок иностранных инвестиций АО “Узбекгидроэнерго”

Аннотация: Введение закладывает основу для понимания многогранной природы государственных закупок, подчеркивая их развивающуюся роль, выходящую за рамки простых финансовых целей, в достижении более широких социальных, экономических и экологических целей. В нем представлена концепция «социальных государственных закупок» как средства использования

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Tezis rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda ijtimoiy davlat xaridlarini (SPP) amalga oshirish muam­molarini o‘rganishga qaratilgan bo‘lib, barqaror rivojlanishga ko‘maklashish va tengsizlikni kamaytirish uchun ushbu muammolarni tushunish muhimligini ta’kidlaydi. Keyingi bo‘limlarda institutsional nazariya, ijtimoiy davlat xaridlari konsepsiyasi, uni amalga oshirishda duch keladigan muammolar va Gana, Keniya va Bangladeshdan to‘siqlar va ularni bartaraf etish bo‘yicha potentsial strategiyalarning batafsil tahlilini taklif qiladigan amaliy tadqiqotlar haqida to‘liq ma‘lumot berilgan. Xulosa aniqlangan asosiy muammolarni umumlashtiradi va ularni hal qilish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar beradi, bunda me’yoriy-huquqiy bazani mustahkamlash, salohiyatni oshirish va dunyo bo‘ylab mas’uliyatli xarid amaliyotini targ‘ib qilish bo‘yicha xabardorlikni oshirish tashabbuslari muhimligini ta’kidlaydi. Umuman olganda, kirish va keyingi bo‘limlar tadqiqot mavzusini batafsil ko‘rib chiqadi, rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda ijtimoiy davlat xaridlari bilan bog‘liq murakkabliklarni har tomonlama tekshirish uchun asos yaratadi. Kalit so‘zlar: Davlat xaridlari, Ijtimoiy davlat xaridlari (IDX), Pulning eng yaxshi qiymati (PYQ), Ijtimoiy aloqalar, Ijtimoiy mas‘uliyatli davlat xaridlari (IMDX), Tasdiqlovchi harakatlar dasturlari, Ajratib qo‘yiladigan dasturlar, Institutsional asos, Yashil afzal qilingan xaridlar dasturi (YAXD), Barqaror Dastur davlat xaridlari (BDDX), bandlik, ijtimoiy qiymat, barqaror rivojlanish, tengsizlik, salohiyatni oshirish, oshkoralik, korrupsiya, qashshoqlik, siyosiy ta’sir.

покупательной способности для положитель­ ного воздействия на общество, приводятся примеры из разных стран и научные работы. В тезисе основное внимание уделяется исследованию проблем реализации социальных государственных закупок (СГЗ) в развивающихся странах, подчеркивая важность понимания этих проблем для содействия устойчивому развитию и сокращению неравенства. В последующих разделах представлен всесторонний обзор институциональной теории, концепции социальных государственных закупок, проблем, с которыми приходится сталкиваться при их реализации, а также тематические исследования из Ганы, Кении и Бангладеш, предлагающие подробный анализ барьеров и потенциальных стратегий их преодоления. В заключении суммируются выявленные ключевые проблемы и предлагаются рекомендации по их решению, подчеркивая важность усиления нормативно-правовой базы, наращивания потенциала и инициатив по повышению осведомленности для содействия развитию практики ответственных закупок во всем мире. В целом, введение и последующие разделы дают подробный обзор темы исследования, создавая основу для всестороннего изучения сложностей, связанных с социальными государственными закупками в развивающихся странах.

Ключевые слова: Государственные закупки, Социальные государственные закупки (SPP), Лучшее соотношение цены и качества (BVM), социальные связи, Социально ответственные государственные закупки (SRPP), Программы позитивных действий, Программы резервирования, Институциональные рамки, Программа экологических предпочтительных закупок (EPPP), Программа устойчивых государственных закупок (SPPP), Занятость, социальная ценность, устойчивое развитие, Неравенство, Наращивание потенциала, прозрачность, коррупция, бедность, поли­ тическое влияние.

INTRODUCTION: The cost and quality of public works, goods, and services are influenced by public sector spending. It may also have an impact on human rights, environmental, and social protection measures (Ludlow, 2016). Public procurement can be used for goals more than only making financial goals. These goals are often referred to as “social linkages.” In recent decades, there has been a growing movement against the best value for money (BVM) paradigm in favor of social aspects (Cravero, 2017). The principles of international free competition and nondiscrimination were once upheld by public procurement rules. The policy and practice of public procurement in the modern era have given rise to considerations other than BVM (only economic). Conceptually, the process by which public procurers use their purchasing authority to produce favorable social, economic, and environmental effects is known as “social public procurement”

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(Saussier and Vidal, 2021). According to the European Commission’s 2010 Buying Social guidelines: The goal of socially responsible public procurement is to influence the market and lead by example. Public authorities can support job opportunities, decent work, social inclusion, accessibility, design for everyone, ethical trade, and wider compliance with social standards by making intelligent purchase decisions. A variety of scholarly works, such as those on corporate social responsibility, public procurement, employability, skills shortages, poverty and social deprivation, and social value, are the sources of socially responsible procurement (Farag and McDermott, 2015; Burke and King, 2015, Georghiou et al., 2014), MacFarlane, 2014).). It is noteworthy that the utilization of public procurement as a tool for policy implementation to achieve secondary goals is a widespread occurrence that may be observed globally (Brammer and Walker, 2011; Qiao et al., 2009). Furthermore, many nations have robust institutional frameworks supporting this practice. Following are some examples of the institutional framework and directives adopted by some countries on social public procurement: the United States’ Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program or Small Disadvantaged Business Preference programs; Brazil’s Sustainable Public Procurement Program; Australia’s Aboriginal Participation in Construction Policy; and the United States State of New South Wales (Australia)’s 2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU European Directives on public procurement. (Raj et al., 2020). Other social connections exist in public procurement, such as “Affirmative Action Programs” in the US that support veterans, women, minorities, and people with disabilities; in addition, specific set-aside programs exist that are limited to less competitive businesses, such as businesses owned by women and minorities, businesses operating in economically disadvantaged areas, organizations, etc. Set-asides support employment and diversity among suppliers, which are connected through social procurement. In the framework of socially responsible public procurement (SRPP), “social linkages” have been classified into five different categories. These include: (I) using procurement to enforce anti-discrimination laws in the workplace; (II) using procurement to advance a more comprehensive understanding of distributive justice, particularly through affirmative action in the workplace; (III) using procurement to encourage greater entrepreneurial ventures among marginalized groups defined by gender or ethnicity; (IV) incorporating requirements in procurement contracts meant to ensure justice and equity during the transition of public to private sector services; and (v) using procurement as a means of applying pressure on businesses that operate internationally to adhere to equality standards. (McCrudden 2015). However, integrating social procurement initiatives with overall procurement strategies presents another layer of complexity. The rigorous analysis and cooperation required to balance social aims with standard procurement priorities, such as cost-effectiveness and quality, are essential. Legal and regulatory frameworks may not fully support or incentivize social procurement practices, adding legal challenges and constraints for procurement officers (Mukumba, & Shakantu, 2024). Risk management becomes crucial as social procurement introduces additional risks related to supply chain disruptions, reputational damage, and legal liabilities. Collaborative efforts, capacity training, investments in technology and data infrastructure, as well as the creation of favorable legal frameworks and incentives for social procurement projects, are necessary for effectively tackling these difficulties (Loosemore and Lim, 2017).

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Public procurement, according to Cravero (2017), can achieve a wide range of social objectives, including inclusion, accessibility, equal opportunity, and employment. Numerous developed nations have established national legal frameworks for particular preferential programs that support socioeconomically disadvantaged groups and minorities when they participate in tender processes. The set-aside strategy, created in the United States and Canada, is an illustration of a preferred program. The Australian State Government of Victoria requested that all of its departments and agencies include a defined social procurement framework and strategy into their purchasing activities when it unveiled a social procurement framework and related regulations in 2018 (Victorian Government, 2022). Since then, similar programs have been launched in other Australian states, including Queensland (Queensland Government, 2021), Western Australia (Government of Western Australian), and New South Wales (Government of New South Wales, 2022). As a result, a growing number of initiatives incorporate social value-creation components into their operations throughout the Australian continent. The Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012 (2021) mandates that public entities in the United Kingdom consider the potential improvements to economic, social, and environmental well-being that could result from their proposed purchases. According to a policy procurement note (Procurement Policy Note 06/20 (2020), all central government departments and agencies are required to assess social value for the entire procurement process using a “minimum overall weighting of 10%).” Developing countries, however, encounter institutional barriers when attempting to apply social procurement practices. Behravesh, Darnall, and Bretschneider (2022) claim that public organizations lack incentive to implement SPP. Furthermore, a number of educational institutions are doubtful about the necessity for companies to integrate sustainable practices into their procurement processes, as doing so could limit their immediate effectiveness or result in extra costs. Moreover, earlier research indicates that governments run the risk of falling short of their ever more ambitious targets if the ability of participants in the social procurement ecosystem to provide social value is not considered (Loosemore, et al, 2020). Capacity issues have been associated with obstacles that important social procurement stakeholders encounter when attempting to realize the potential social benefits of social procurement laws. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that social procurement initiatives as a whole have not produced the entire range of societal advantages that their designers intended, particularly in developing nations (Natoli, Lou & Goodwin, 2023). Thus, the goal of this study is to investigate the difficulties associated with adopting social public procurement in developing nations.

This study generally identifies and discusses the challenges of implementing social public procurement in developing countries. The specific objectives include:

I. To examine the barriers to the implementation of social public procurement in developing countries; II. To develop strategies for overcoming implementation challenges of social public procurement in developing countries.

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1. Research Questions In line with the objectives, the study formulated the following research questions: I. What are the barriers to the implementation of social public procurement in developing countries? II. What strategies can be developed to overcome implementation challenges of social public procurement in developing countries?

2. Significance of the study It is critical to comprehend the difficulties in adopting Social Public Procurement (SPP) in developing nations in order to promote sustainable development and lessen inequality. By encouraging ethical labor practices, assisting small businesses in the community, and lessening the environmental effect of public procurement operations, SPP programs have the potential to create positive social and environmental change. Furthermore, researching the difficulties in putting SPP into practice in underdeveloped nations promotes international collaboration and knowledge sharing. Adopting SPP principles presents similar hurdles for many developing countries; exchanging best practices, insights, and creative solutions helps hasten the process of overcoming these impediments. To fully realize SPP’s potential in promoting favorable social, economic, and environmental outcomes and advancing a more just and sustainable global community, it is imperative to comprehend and tackle the obstacles associated with its implementation in developing nations. Academics and practitioners alike should take an interest in researching the difficulties associated with adopting Social Public Procurement (SPP) in developing nations. Understanding these difficulties offers academics rich ground for investigation, evaluation, and theoretical growth. It provides academics with the chance to explore the intricacies of institutional dynamics, policy frameworks, and procurement processes in developing nations.

3. Organization of the Study The five main sections of this study are presented here. The study’s history, problem description, objectives, and organizational framework are all covered in the first section. Section three outlines the methods utilized to achieve the study’s objectives concerning the type of data used and the form of data collection. Section two discusses the literature that has already been written about the subject area and presents the theoretical framework for the study. The analysis and discussion of the study’s findings in light of other findings are presented in the final two parts. The final section concludes by summarizing the study’s findings and their implications for policy.

The Background and Explanation of the Issue: 1. Institutional Theory John Meyer and Brian Rowan developed institutional theory in the late 1970s to investigate how organizations interact with, are influenced by, and were formed by their local, regional, national, and international contexts. The institutional

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theory clarifies why some actions are selected even when there is no clear financial benefit. The theory offers a comprehensive explanation of how exposure to comparable external forces causes firms to display comparable behavioral patterns, seek comparable objectives, and implement comparable business practices. These influences are classified as isomorphic or institutional forces. The theory states that social pressures for conformity (normative), the desire and competition among businesses to be seen favorably in society (mimetic), and the threat of losing important resources, rules, or sanctions (coercive) are frequently more important to the adoption, implementation, and maintenance of many organizational practices than are pressures for economic performance. Key components of sustainable leadership, such as stakeholder involvement, value-based leadership, and sustainability-oriented decision-making, are either enabled or constrained by institutional isomorphism (Assoratgoon & Kantabutra, 2023).

2. The concept of Social Public Procurement

The goal of the buyer-supplier relationship in social procurement is to create extra value that standard procurement partnerships would not be able to provide. Businesses create social value with their purchasing power that goes beyond the cost of the products, services, or building they are acquiring (Loosemore, 2016). Social procurement encompasses both direct and indirect methods (Furheaux & Barraket, 2014). Furheaux and Barraket (2014) propose four typologies to delineate the process. In certain cases, social services are procured directly, resulting in immediate social impact, particularly in sectors like healthcare or community services. The second typology involves the acquisition of public works, which yields indirect social benefits through structures such as roads and schools (Furheaux & Barraket, 2014). The third typology entails corporations allocating a portion of their work to social enterprises, leading to indirect social impact as non-profits or social enterprises provide public works and services. Lastly, the fourth typology pertains to businesses considering their social impact, often driven by corporate social responsibility, where they assess specific environmental or social criteria in decision-making processes. These typologies, while not mutually exclusive, all aim to engender positive social change.

3. Challenges of Implementing Social Public Procurement

* Lack of Standardization: Inconsistent norms and non-standardized procurement processes can result in corruption, financial theft, and inefficiency. Due to erratic procedures and variable standards, several of these countries have difficulties with procurement (Girgvlian, 2023). Standardized metrics and rules are frequently lacking when evaluating social criteria. Because of this, it is challenging for procurement officers to regularly assess vendors and guarantee adherence to social standards.

* Limited Supplier Capacity: Local contractors find it difficult to engage in public procurement procedures and adhere to sustainability criteria due to a lack of resources and expertise. (Roos, 2013). Further, many suppliers, particularly smaller businesses or those in developing

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countries, may lack the capacity to meet stringent social standards. This can limit the pool of eligible suppliers and increase costs for both buyers and suppliers. * Resistance to Change: Concerns about greater bureaucracy, diminished competitiveness, or decreased profitability may cause certain stakeholders including procurement officers and suppliers to oppose including social issues into procurement procedures (OECD, 2015a). * Inadequate Data and Transparency: Accurately assessing the social performance of suppliers may be hampered by a lack of transparent supply chains and dependable data. Buyers could find it difficult to hold suppliers responsible for adhering to social standards and to make educated judgments in the absence of enough information (von Berlepsch, Lemke & Gorton, 2022). * Legal and Regulatory Constraints: In many jurisdictions, social procurement methods do not receive complete support or incentives from legal and regulatory frameworks. Prioritizing social criteria in procurement processes may present legal issues or limitations for procurement officers (OECD, 2016).

The Analysis: 1. Research Methodology This study is literature-based research. Therefore, a thorough literature review on social public procurement was performed. Therefore, pertinent academic books, reports, and articles are on social public procurement in both developed countries and developing countries were located and examined. In order to gather relevant literature, the study explored academic databases, libraries, and other sources. The literature was critically assessed to discover important themes, trends, and gaps in the literature, and synthesizing findings to provide new views or insights into the research issue. Three developing countries made up the target population for this study, thus Ghana, Kenya, and Bangladesh. The three countries that have been thoroughly examined fall into the low-income or lower-middle-income group. Bangladesh, Kenya, and Ghana have all made significant modifications to their procurement processes. Between 2004 and 2007, procurement rules went into force, and a lot of work is currently being done to put the new laws into practice, improve the effectiveness of procurement organizations, and professionalize public procurement. 2. Implementation Status in Developing Countries 2.1. In the context of Ghana The Swiss-Ghana Sustainable Public Procurement (SPP) Project, a three-year initiative being carried out by PPA and funded by the Swiss Government with a USD 2.7 million grant, is the vehicle through which SSP is implemented in Ghana. By enhancing the monitoring and evaluation system and expanding the supply of more sustainably produced goods and services that the

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government purchases, the SPP Project seeks to “embed the principles of transparency, accountability, and sustainability in public procurement” (Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft, 2010 p4). The main goals of the targeted results are to strengthen the current M&E system by adding sustainability requirements and to introduce a national SPP system. The Public Procurement Act’s legislative compliance as well as the oversight of SPP implementation are regarded as essential to the institutionalization of SPP. Barriers and challenges The SPP project paper, which also includes a risk analysis addressing development, reputational, and fiduciary risks, rates the ambitious nature of establishing an SPP system while the Public Procurement Act is still waiting as a “high” risk (Roos, 2013). The following risks were found: local suppliers’ insufficient investment in sustainable technologies; procurement practitioners’ inability to apply new tools like Whole Life Costing and sustainability criteria; and insufficient capacity for inspection to ensure delivered products meet sustainability criteria. 2.2. In the Context of Kenya Kenya currently has a number of different SPP-related policies in place. Examples include the Office of the President’s policy to give youth-owned businesses at least 10% of all public contracts, as well as guidelines on how to better integrate women and micro, small, and medium-sized businesses in public procurement (PPDA 2005). In addition, there are environmental regulations or guidelines in place that discourage the use of fuel-guzzling cars, encourage the construction of solar-powered water-heating homes, and employ energy-efficient electrical equipment in an effort to reduce the amount of paper used. Barriers and challenges Procurement policies and guidelines are generally poorly implemented, procurement planning is lacking, and corruption is pervasive throughout the nation. Regarding the Public Procurement and Disposal (Preference and Reservations) Regulations, public procurement officers and the target groups generally lack awareness regarding the regulations’ policies, requirements, and procedures. To yet, no monitoring programs have been put in place to assess how well the Preference and Reservations Regulations are working. The risks associated with implementing an SPP system in Kenya include inadequate contract administration, inadequate capacity for tender evaluation, and widespread deficiencies in creating a proper tender document. The fact that award procedures are typically highly drawn out and very bureaucratic. 2.3. In the Context of Bangladesh Some private enterprises in Bangladesh that export seafood and textiles have begun to engage in sustainable procurement. Specifically, a number of global brands, like Benetton, Levis, Woodland, Van Heusen, Fruit of the Loom, and others, are using sustainable sourcing practices at the local factories where they outsource the production of ready-made clothing. As of yet, there is

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no official SPP plan or policy. The government’s General Conditions of Contract for Civil Works contain some clauses pertaining to social protection in civil work contracts as well as environmental protection on the building site. Barriers and challenges The perceived obstacles and difficulties mentioned in the conducted interviews are as follows. Due to the lax enforcement of environmental standards, there are currently no incentives to implement SPP. Additional difficulties include the degree of poverty, the incapacity of local contractors, the general lax application of the law, and the failure to use environmental and economic evaluation criteria during the bidding process. Political influence in procurement processes, especially in decentralized procurement, makes this even more challenging. The primary obstacles would be accounting for the associated cost of SPP as a long-term indicator of upcoming public procurement as well as the private sector’s lack of readiness. It is assumed that the majority of the bidding community will be unable to submit bids for public procurement contracts in Bangladesh due to the shift in business procedures, with the exception of the textile and seafood sectors (Roos, 2013).

Conclusion: Based on the analysis, the study revealed the following challenges in the target countries 1. Weak Enforcement of Environmental Regulations: One challenge identified is the dearth of incentives for the implementation of Social Public Procurement (SPP) as a result of lax enforcement of environmental laws. This makes it more difficult to include sustainability standards and an economic/ environmental assessment in the bidding process. 2. Poverty and Low Capacity of Local Contractors: The degree of poverty and the limited capabilities of local contractors are formidable obstacles to the successful execution of SPP. Local contractors find it difficult to engage in public procurement procedures and adhere to sustainability criteria due to a lack of resources and expertise. 3. Political Influence in Procurement Proceedings: Transparent and equitable procurement processes are severely hampered by political interference in the procurement process, particularly in decentralized procurement. This may thwart initiatives to advance social responsibility and sustainability in public procurement. 4. Cost Accommodation and Private Sector Preparedness: There are many obstacles to overcome, including the long-term expenses of accommodating SPP and the private sector’s lack of readiness. Except in specific industries like textiles and fisheries, changes in business procedures may prevent a sizable section of the bidding community from competing for public procurement contracts. 5. Poor Implementation of Procurement Rules and Regulations: Bangladesh is plagued by pervasive corruption, inadequate planning for procurement, and weak enforcement of procurement laws and regulations.

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IQTISODIY SAMARADORLIK SARI НА ПУТИ К ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ

To further complicate the proper implementation of SPP, public procurement officials and target groups generally lack understanding regarding policies, standards, and procedures. In conclusion, the difficulties encountered in putting Social Public Procurement (SPP) into practice point to structural problems that impede environmentally and socially conscious procurement practices across a range of nations. These problems include a lack of political will, a lack of capacity among local contractors and procurement professionals, and a lack of enforcement of environmental laws. Promoting sustainability and social responsibility in public procurement procedures is challenging due to the combination of poverty, corruption, and a lack of incentives. The difficulties and hazards involved in adopting SPP systems are further increased by the ambitious nature of deploying SPP systems in the face of impending legislation and inadequate procurement rule implementation. Recommendation (Proposed Strategies): In order to tackle these obstacles, coordinated endeavors are required to fortify regulatory structures, improve enforcement protocols, and cultivate competencies among public procurement stakeholders. To encourage the adoption of sustainable procurement methods, governments should give top priority to enacting and enforcing strict environmental rules as well as procurement laws. In addition, steps should be taken to combat political meddling and corruption in the procurement process, such as establishing accountable and transparent procedures. It is imperative to allocate resources towards capacity-building programs aimed at improving the comprehension of sustainability standards and enhancing the ability of local contractors and procurement practitioners to execute SPP efficiently. In addition, public awareness campaigns and training initiatives can support the development of a culture of responsible procurement practices by educating stakeholders about the value of sustainability in procurement. Countries can facilitate the successful implementation of SPP and support local and global sustainable development goals by tackling these concerns holistically.

REFERENCE: 1. Brammer, S., & Walker, H. (2011). Sustainable Procurement in the Public Sector: An International Comparative Study. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 31(4), 452-476. 2. Mukumba, J., & Shakantu, W. (2024). Integrating Social Procurement into Overall Procurement Strategies: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Public Procurement, 24(1), 94-113. 3. Loosemore, M., & Lim, B. (2017). Social Procurement: A Pathway to More Sustainable Construction Supply Chains. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 24(6), 1039-1059. 4. Government of New South Wales (2022). Procurement Policy Framework; Government of New South Wales: Sydney, Australia.

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5. Government of Western Australia. Western Australian Social Procurement Framework; Government of Western Australian: Perth, Australia, 2022. 6. Victorian Government (2022). Victoria’s Social Procurement Framework; The State of Victoria: Melbourne, Australia. 7. Queensland Government. Consider Social Procurement; Queensland Government: Brisbane, Australia, 2021. 8. Loosemore, M. Social procurement in UK construction projects. Int. J. Proj. Manag. 2016, 34, 133–144. 9. Roos, R. (2013). Sustainable Public Procurement in LICs: Implications for the Ongoing World Bank Procurement Review. GIZ. 10. Saussier, S., & Vidal, O. (2021). Social Public Procurement. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance. 11. Raj, S., et al. (2020). Social Procurement in Developing Countries: Evidence from South Africa. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 15(3), 442-464.

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