SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF PROOF

This article provides descriptions of evidence and proof in criminal proceedings. At the pre-trial stage and in court, the admissibility of the evidence and the issues raised were raised. Procedures for the collection and examination of evidence are explained. The question of whether or not to admit the evidence to the court has been clarified. The subjects of evidence and their powers in conducting investigative actions are also explained. The purpose and subject of the proof are specified in a separate order with clear criteria. A comparative legal analysis of prejudicial issues in the criminal procedure law of the CIS countries, scientific proposals and recommendations on the implementation of the national legislation on the application of the institution of prejudice in criminal procedure law in the Republic of Uzbekistan and the development of the legal framework of this institution. The relevance of the topic is that in the criminal process, the institution of prejudice allows to resolve conflicts in the activities of state bodies and officials responsible for criminal proceedings, to easily resolve prejudicial situations that require a lot of money and effort. The object of research is the legal relationship arising from the application of the institution of prejudice in criminal proceedings. The subject of research is the objective laws of activity on the implementation of the institution of prejudice in law, sources of national and foreign criminal procedure legislation.

VOLUME 3 ISSUE №1 E-ISSN: 2181-1024 A P R Volume I L1 (2022) 3, Issue 2022 TSUL Legal Report 1

12.00.02 – CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW. FINANCE AND CUSTOMS LAW

TSUL LEGAL REPORT INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONIC SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Rustambekov Islambek Rustambekovich Deputy Rector on Academic Affairs, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Law, Professor

Salaev Nodirbek Saparbaevich Deputy Rector on Research and Innovations, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Law, Professor

Latipov Samir Ildusovich Director of the Center for Legal Initiatives and Innovations, Tashkent State University of Law

Nematov Jasur Aminjonovich Professor of the Tashkent branch of the Russian University of Economics named after GV Plekhanov

Umarkhanova Dildora Sharipkhanovna Dean of the Faculty of International Law and Comparative Legislation, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Law, Associate Professor

Abzalova Khurshida Mirziyatovna Acting Professor of the Department of Criminal Law, Criminology and Anti-corruption, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Law

Nematov Jurabek Nematulloyevich Acting Professor of the Department of Administrative and Financial Law, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Law

Akhmedova Guzalkhon Utkurovna Associate Professor of Criminalistics and Forensic Examination Department of Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Law

Ergashev Ikrom Abdurasulovich Head of Scientific Department, Tashkent State University of Law, Associate Professor, Doctor of Philosophy in Law.

Yusupov Sardorbek Bahadirovich Head of the Department of Administrative and Financial Law, Tashkent State University of Law, Associate Professor, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

Gafurova Nozimakhon Eldarovna Head of the Department of International Law and Human Rights, Tashkent State University of Law, Associate Professor, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

E-ISSN: 2181-1024 Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) TSUL Legal Report 3

Khujaev Shokhjakhon Akmaljon ugli Head of Intellectual Property Law Department, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

Uzakova Guzal Sharipovna Head of Environmental Law Department, Tashkent State University of Law, Associate Professor, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

Turdiev Khayitjon Usmonkul ugli Acting Associate Professor of the Department of Theory of State and Law, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

Ramazonova Nargiza Abdirashidovna Head of the International Relations Department, Intellectual Property Agency under the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

Kurbanov Maruf Mamadaminovich Acting Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law, Criminology and Anti-corruption, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

Narziev Otabek Sadievich Acting Professor of International Private Law Department, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

Pirmatov Otabek Shavkatovich Acting Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Procedural and Economic Procedural Law, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

Yakubova Iroda Bakhramovna Acting Associate Professor of Intellectual Property Law Department, Tashkent State University of Law, Doctor of Philosophy in Law

Shamsutdinov Behruz Sadriddin ugli Head of the Department of Commercialization of Scientific and Innovative Projects, Tashkent State University of Law

Saydakhmedov Umid Murodovich Judge for Economic Affairs, Tashkent Regional Court, Doctor of Philosophy in Law, Associate Professor

4 TSUL Legal Report Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) E-ISSN: 2181-1024

Contacts Editorial office address: Tashkent, st. Sayilgoh, 35. Index 100047. Principal Contact Tel.: ([phone number hidden] Fax: ([phone number hidden] E-mail: info@legalreport.tsul.uz

© 2022. TSUL – Tashkent State University of Law. All rights reserved.

E-ISSN: 2181-1024 Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) TSUL Legal Report 5

12.00.02 – CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW. FINANCE AND CUSTOMS LAW

IKHTIYORJON TURABOEV, IKROM ERGASHEV Tax monitoring in Uzbekistan: problems and issues ............................................................8

DILMURODJON RAKHIMOV Organizational and legal issues of gender equality in the civil service .............................. 15

NOILA NURMAMATOVA Mechanism of appeal to the Constitutional Court .............................................................. 23

ILHOM NOROV Problems of public service in the Republic of Uzbekistan: further improvement of the public service system .............................................................................................. 30

12.00.03 – CIVIL LAW. BUSINESS LAW. FAMILY LAW. INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW

BEGALI XOLMIROV The concept, importance and characteristics of electronic currency ................................. 37

MUHAMMAD ALI RAMAZONOV The concept and essence of cryptocurrency ..................................................................... 44

PARIZODABEGIM MUKHAMATKULOVA Some issues of regulation of cybersport and business activities in IT .............................. 51

12.00.04 – CIVIL PROCEDURES LAW. ECONOMIC PROCEDURES LAW. ARBITRATION PROCESS AND MEDIATION

ABDUMURAD KHAKBERDIEV Types of arbitration courts and their classification ............................................................. 57

DONIYORBEK DАVRONOV Procedure and basis for application of procedural coercive measures ............................. 68

12.00.08 – CRIMINAL LAW, CRIME PREVENTION. CRIMINOLOGY. PENAL LAW

BUNYOD ISLOMOV Mitigating factors and criminal defenses in criminal legislation of the Kingdom of Norway (comparative analysis) ...................................................................... 78

JALOLIDDIN HAYDAROV Qualification of crimes of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment ......... 88

6 TSUL Legal Report Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) E-ISSN: 2181-1024

12.00.09 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. CRIMINOLOGY, OPERATION SEARCH LAW AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION

SARBON URALOV Specific aspects of proof ................................................................................................... 96

KHAYDARALI YUNUSOV Contributions of Central Asian scholars to the development of islamic sciences: Sarakhsi – founder-father of international law ................................................................ 103

DJAMALIDDIN MUSAEV Principles of international cooperation in the field of preventing illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors . ........................................... 111

SHAHNOZA ALMOSOVA The essence of parallel import and problems of its regulation in the Republic of Uzbekistan . .................................................................................................. 121

USMON ALIEV Problems of reforming the UN security council and improving its effectiveness ............. 127

DALER VALIJONOV International legal cooperation of the prosecutors bodies against corruption ................. 134

E-ISSN: 2181-1024 Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) TSUL Legal Report 7

12.00.09 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. CRIMINOLOGY, OPERATION SEARCH LAW AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION

Keywords: Сrime, evidence, rights and freedoms, participants in the process, procedural legislation, investigative activities, victim, witness, suspect.

Uralov Sarbon Sardorovich, Lecturer at the Department of Criminal Procedure Law, Tashkent State University of Law e-mail: s.uralov@tsul.uz ORCID: 0000-0002-3251-2591

This article provides descriptions of evidence and proof in criminal proceedings. At the pre-trial stage and in court, the admissibility of the evidence and the issues raised were raised. Procedures for the collection and examination of evidence are explained. The question of whether or not to admit the evidence to the court has been clarified. The subjects of evidence and their powers in conducting investigative actions are also explained. The purpose and subject of the proof are specified in a separate order with clear criteria. A comparative legal analysis of prejudicial issues in the criminal procedure law of the CIS countries, scientific proposals and recommendations on the implementation of the national legislation on the application of the institution of prejudice in criminal procedure law in the Republic of Uzbekistan and the development of the legal framework of this institution. The relevance of the topic is that in the criminal process, the institution of prejudice allows to resolve conflicts in the activities of state bodies and officials responsible for criminal proceedings, to easily resolve prejudicial situations that require a lot of money and effort. The object of research is the legal relationship arising from the application of the institution of prejudice in criminal proceedings. The subject of research is the objective laws of activity on the implementation of the institution of prejudice in law, sources of national and foreign criminal procedure legislation.

Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) E-ISSN: 2181-1024

12.00.09 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. CRIMINOLOGY, OPERATION SEARCH LAW AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION

I. Introduction It is impossible to imagine the stage of proof without the subject of proof. The subject of proof has been assessed by some authors as facts and circumstances established by means of evidence, or by all circumstances and facts as knowledge required to obtain truth in a case. It is difficult to agree with the views of these authors. First, the fact is that it actually exists, a condition that does not need to be proven. We are talking about a previous crime and the circumstances that need to be proven. Second, it is not necessary to overemphasize the scope of the cases to be proved.

In our opinion, when it comes to the subject of proof, it is necessary to understand all the circumstances that must be determined only in a criminal case. Auxiliary facts do not apply to the circumstances in which they must be proved, and these facts serve to establish the circumstances that constitute the subject of proof. It should be noted that the excessive expansion of the scope of cases identified in the case leads to an increase in redundant and insignificant information in the case file.

Evidence in criminal proceedings, including evidence crime in collecting, inspecting and evaluating the rights and freedoms of the participants in the process reliable protection of their honor and dignity.

Respect for value is one of the most important issues is Cause, the analysis of forensic practice and the results of the study of citizens’ appeals prove the rights and freedoms of the individual in the process of making to provide protection guarantees as the mechanisms are not fully operational, as well as and the investigation of criminal cases under the law law enforcement in gathering evidence with a clear definition of the powers of the bodies indicates the presence of associated gaps.

This situation Resolution No. PQ-3723 of May 14, 2018 of the Republic of Uzbekistan improvement of procedural legislation also mentioned in the concept. President of the Republic of Uzbekistan the rights and freedoms of the individual in investigative activities measures to further strengthen protection guarantees on measures ”dated August 10, 2020 Decree No. 6041 also furthers the judicial-investigative activity one of the main directions of improvement gathering evidence in criminal proceedings, strengthen, revise them, taking into account the evidence standards applicable to them marked.

The main issue in the criminal process is the defendant. to determine whether the fault of, because Uzbekistan Article 26 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan the case of each person charged with the offensein a court of law, in a public hearing he will not be found guilty until proven guilty.

Therefore, the Institute of Evidence and Proof indictment is also one of the mainstays of the trial process also plays an important role in the implementation of protective functions plays. Participation of the parties in the court session accusation or acquittal. The concept of evidence in the law marked as follows: Whether or not a socially dangerous act has taken place depends on whether the person who committed the acts guilt and the correct resolution of the case[1].

Other important things to do - of the inquiry officer, investigator, and court the basis for determining in the manner prescribed by law any factual information that is available is evidence in a criminal case. (Article 81 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan).

The issue of the application of prejudice is interpreted differently in the legal literature. For example, according to some authors, “the limits of the application of prejudice are determined by the limits of the application of a judgment or decision that has entered into force.” Yu.E. Saleeva believes that “the objective limits of the legal force of a court decision are limited by the subject of the court decision”. In this regard, it is expedient to distinguish between the objective and subjective boundaries of prejudice. This includes a range of facts established on the basis of procedural norms relating to the objective boundaries of the prejudice

E-ISSN: 2181-1024 Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) TSUL Legal Report 97

12.00.09 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. CRIMINOLOGY, OPERATION SEARCH LAW AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION

and not to be proved. It also states that the objective limits of prejudice arising from a court decision are broader than the norms applicable to civil litigation. The subjective boundaries of prejudice can be limited by the extent to which they are distributed among certain individuals. That is, only the range of individuals included in the relevant norms can be understood. Judicial decisions are the subjective limits of legal force, while the scope of certain persons. Subjective limits of sentencing - criminal cases are applied to those who are the result of subjective personal rights and obligations. It can also be applied to other citizens, officials, enterprises and organizations. In addition, in this case, it applies not only to other participants not identified in the case, ie accomplices in the crime, but also to those who should be involved in the case. A judgment that has entered into force has certain prejudicial objective and subjective boundaries. The objective boundaries of the prejudice are those that relate to previously resolved cases, which are now criminal cases, and that impose prejudicial powers on civil cases. The prejudicial boundaries of the judgment are determined by the objective and subjective boundaries of the legal force of the judgment. II. Research results and discussion Evidence is the collection, examination, and evaluation of evidence to determine the circumstances that must be proven in a criminal case responsible for the conduct of criminal proceedings involving in accordance with the law of officials activities in progress. The purpose of proving is the truth of the matter determine how the incident occurred in practice full recovery. In this process, the inquiry officer, the investigator, the prosecutor, the judge are expected to go through the following steps: 1) re-creation of past circumstances in connection with the incident that occurred to open a criminal case; 2) have sufficient knowledge of the incident to recreate the past to be;

3) gather relevant information on a past event in order to gain sufficient knowledge; 4) make a legal procedural decision on the basis of the collected information and knowledge. The conditions for acceptability of evidence are[2]: the evidence is obtained by the relevant subject, i.e. the acquisition of evidence to conduct a procedural action related to to have been received by a colat official; factual information only under Article 81 of the CPC be taken from the sources mentioned in the second part; the procedural action involved in obtaining the evidence in accordance with the rules and regulations of the transfer to be received; all the requirements of the law on recording the process and results of the investigation and court proceedings must be followed in obtaining evidence. The evidence listed above relates to acceptability failure to comply with any of the above conditions shall be grounds for finding the evidence inadmissible. If the factual information is obtained through unlawful means or by law of the participants in the criminal proceedings obtained by deprivation or restriction of guaranteed rights or in violation of the requirements of the CPC, including: 1) participants in criminal proceedings or their using torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment against close relatives; 2) a way to falsify them with; 3) in violation of the rights of the suspect, accused or defendant to protection, as well as the right to use the services of an interpreter; 4) this of the procedural action on the criminal case has the right to institute criminal proceedings as a result of execution by a non-existent person; 5) from an unknown source or from a source that cannot be identified in the course of criminal proceedings;

98 TSUL Legal Report Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) E-ISSN: 2181-1024

12.00.09 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. CRIMINOLOGY, OPERATION SEARCH LAW AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION

6) victim, witness, suspect, accused, in the interrogation of the defendant, in the preliminary investigation if they are taken from testimony that has not been corroborated by a set of evidence in court, they are acceptable as evidence is not found.

Identifying evidence, working with them, and procedural proof is a key activity part of the criminal process. Procedural proofing is not just about thinking activities, but about identifying situations that are important to the case is a legal activity that is focused and allows the final decision on the case. Subject of proof and cope, proof participants, their proof obligations during the process are criminal-procedural is one of the most important issues in the science of law[3].

Because the process of proving is the basis of criminal procedural activity. Any criminal case will be resolved fairly only on the basis of reliable information obtained during the evidentiary process.

The main purpose of proving is to make the case legal, based and important for a fair solution consists of collecting, examining, and evaluating evidence in order to establish the truth about the circumstances[4].

Therefore, everyone in the process of procedural proof circumstances that must be proved in a criminal case must be fully, comprehensively, objectively determined. It was one of the most necessary conditions of the proof process in determining all the circumstances that must be proved the use of information obtained from lawful, reliable sources, the information collected in a criminal case is allowed to obtain evidence only by a person who has the right to do so.

The subject of proof is a set of circumstances that must be established in order to properly resolve a criminal case. It will contain the circumstances necessary in the evidentiary process in each criminal case.

Article 82 of the Criminal Procedure Code includes the following cases that must be proved: object of crime: damage caused by a crime nature and amount, circumstances characterizing the identity of the victim; time of the crime committed, place, method, as well as other cases specified in the Criminal Code; the causal link between the act and the socially dangerous consequences that occurred; that the crime was committed by that person; whether the crime was committed with direct or indirect intent or as a result of negligence or self-belief, the causes and purposes of the crime; circumstances characterizing the identity of the accused, the defendant.

At present, the limit of evidence is as follows includes[5]:

1) the limits of the study of the facts that serve as evidence; 2) the boundaries under which the collection, verification and evaluation of evidence is carried out at different stages of the process; the required depth of investigation of cases; 3) to understand the completeness of the versions examined in the case, the depth of the study of the situation, as well as the subject of the evidence, and to substantiate the conclusions of the case the amount of evidence required; the size of the evidence and it investigation and court proceedings required to obtain existence, evidence in each specific criminal case complete of all the components of the subject, each ensure that it is defined in a comprehensive and objective manner.existence, evidence in each specific criminal case complete of all the components of the subject, each ensure that it is defined in a comprehensive and objective manner.

The existence of prejudicial rules in criminal proceedings has the following advantages:

1. eliminates contradictions in the activities of state bodies and officials responsible for criminal proceedings; 2. a criminal case shall be considered and resolved more competently by an authorized person;

E-ISSN: 2181-1024 Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) TSUL Legal Report 99

12.00.09 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. CRIMINOLOGY, OPERATION SEARCH LAW AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION

3. allows easy resolution of prejudicial situations that require a lot of money and effort in criminal proceedings; 4. prevents the disappearance of previous court decisions that have legal force, resulting in an acceptable solution to the case.

Even after the judgment enters into force, it remains an individual court decision. The legal force of the judgment applies to the act that constitutes the content of the charge decided by the court. The limits of the legal force of the judgment are determined by the content of the charge as determined by the judgment[6].

In the criminal procedure legislation of Uzbekistan, the legal force of the verdict is in its stability, ie in the fact that it does not deviate from the parties. If the verdict is not rendered by a court of law or the parties are dissatisfied with the verdict, the verdict may be reconsidered on appeal, cassation or review and the verdict reversed. It is also possible to reconsider the case on newly discovered cases. In the course of studying the criminal procedural legislation of several states, it was found that prejudice can not only belong to one network, industry, but also cover several areas. Therefore, it is necessary to consider court decisions in civil cases.

III. Conclusion Gathering, examining evidence in criminal proceedings and in the norms of criminal procedure law through assessment perform proof in accordance with the established procedure increase - the rapid and complete disclosure of crimes, crime to give a fair punishment to anyone who commits it and unreasonably by no innocent person was prosecuted and convicted and the culprits are full of criminal acts disclosure and proper application of the requirements of the law leads to[7].

Of the Code of Criminal Procedure Proof in Article 85 was essential for a lawful, reasonable, and fair trial this Code, if it is stated that it consists of the collection, examination and evaluation of evidence in order to establish the truth about the circumstances. In the first part of Article 81, it is necessary to determine whether a socially dangerous act has taken place or not the guilt and innocence of the perpetrator and the correctness of the case other cases that are important to resolve in the law of the inquiry officer, investigator, and court each of which is the basis for determining in the prescribed manner what factual information is determined as evidence in a criminal case.

According to Article 114 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, acts of the judiciary are binding on all state bodies, public associations, enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials and citizens. Nonexecution or improper execution of acts of the judiciary shall entail liability in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Courts” stipulates that judicial acts are binding on all state bodies, public associations, enterprises, institutions and organizations, officials, citizens and must be executed throughout the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Plenum of the Supreme Economic Court of December 20, 1996 №1-60 “On Judicial Power” strictly defines the scope of persons entitled to appeal against court decisions and the procedure for their consideration. Judgments, rulings and decisions of the court that have entered into force shall be binding on all state bodies, organizations, officials and citizens and shall be enforced throughout the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan[8].

In fact, as a document of a public authority, court documents are: 1) accepted by the competent public authority - the court; 2) has a universal character; 3) the goals of the judiciary are realized in it; 4) judicial documents as documents of law enforcement, as a rule, have an individual, material and procedural character; 5) in some cases, decisions made by the Plenum of the Supreme Court serve as an important legal instruction for lower courts.

100 TSUL Legal Report Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) E-ISSN: 2181-1024

12.00.09 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. CRIMINOLOGY, OPERATION SEARCH LAW AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION

In our opinion, the subject of proof is information that must be proved by the inquiry officer, investigator, prosecutor and the court, firstly, whether the crime exists or not, and secondly whether the elements of the crime are present or not.

In proving, we highlight some features of prejudice: the boundaries of a prejudice shall mean the scope of circumstances established by a judgment which has entered into force, a judgment which has entered into force in civil or administrative cases; the objective boundary of a prejudice is a clearly established circumstance, that is, a judgment which has entered into force, a circumstance which has entered into force in a civil or administrative case; the subjective limit of the prejudice is that the criminal procedure law applies not only to persons involved in previous court proceedings (criminal, civil and administrative proceedings), but also to persons concerned with the rights and obligations of others by a judgment or court decision that has entered into force. should be; the subject of proof shall be understood to mean all the circumstances which must be established only in a criminal case. Auxiliary facts do not apply to the circumstances in which they must be proved, and these facts serve to establish the circumstances that constitute the subject of proof. It should be noted that the excessive expansion of the scope of cases identified in the case leads to an increase in redundant and insignificant information in the case file, and so on[9].

The subject of procedural evidence is the sum of all the facts in a criminal case that need to be established.

The scope of proof, which is closely related to the subject of proof, determines the scope of the facts, evidence and their sources to be proved[10].

Article 82 of the Code of Criminal Procedure includes the following circumstances that must be proved: the object of the crime: the nature and extent of the damage caused by the crime, the circumstances characterizing the identity of the victim; the time, place, method of the crime, as well as other circumstances specified in the Criminal Code; the causal link between the act and the socially dangerous consequences that occurred; that the crime was committed by that person; whether the crime was committed with direct or indirect intent or as a result of negligence or self-belief, the causes and purposes of the crime; circumstances characterizing the identity of the accused, the defendant. In the process of proof, it is important to study the time, place, method of the crime, as well as other factors specified in the Criminal Code, the causal link between the act and their socially dangerous consequences. The scope of evidence is the necessary unit of evidence gathered in a criminal case to assist in a fair trial.

The scope of evidence in criminal proceedings is the activity that determines the scope of evidence, the scope of their sources, as well as the version of the investigation, the scope of the investigation of the circumstances to be proved, to confirm the validity of the conclusions of the case.

In criminal proceedings, the scope of evidence in a case is determined in such a way that all the circumstances relevant to the case, which are important for the proper resolution of the case, are sufficiently thoroughly investigated and the collected materials are fully identified will bring.

In criminal proceedings, the subject matter of the evidence determines what is to be determined in the case, and the scope of the evidence determines the scope and extent of the investigation into the circumstances of the case.

Evidence and circumstances to be proved in criminal proceedings are among the most important issues in solving a crime, exposing the accused, and ensuring the inevitability of punishment. Evidence has the following characteristics: only factual information is considered evidence; they must be obtained from sources specified by law; be based on information that is relevant to the case; the

E-ISSN: 2181-1024 Volume 3, Issue 1 (2022) TSUL Legal Report 101

12.00.09 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. CRIMINOLOGY, OPERATION SEARCH LAW AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION

actual information must be relevant to the subject of proof. Based on the first feature of the evidence, factual information is divided into two parts: factual information; evidence. Evidence refers to verified information that is unquestionably reliable. Classification of evidence is the division of evidence into groups, categories, according to certain criteria. The classification of evidence is important to describe some of them and to use them correctly. Evidence can be classified and divided into different groups depending on the source from which the information is obtained, its relevance to the circumstances relevant to the subject matter of the evidence, or its relevance to another field that confirms or denies these circumstances.