116 natija

Natijalarni aniqlashtiring, tahlil qiling yoki eksport qiling.

Tegishlilik

Kengaytirilgan qidiruv Tahlil

Eksport

Barcha 116 ta yozuv yuklanadi.

Qidiruvni saqlash

Qidiruvni saqlash va yangi yozuvlar haqida xabar olish uchun hisobingizga kiring. Kirish

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CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR DIGITAL CORRUPTION: UZBEKISTAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
F. Fazilov, B. Amanjolova · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
Digital transformation has significantly altered state operations while simultaneously reshaping the landscape of corruption. New schemes, inherently tied to emerging technologies, are increasingly categorized as “digital corruption.” This paper examines how criminal liability for such acts is regulated across several jurisdictions, focusing on the United States, Germany, and Singapore. These international approaches are subsequently compared with the legislative framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan using a comparative legal methodology to identify both commonalities and regulatory gaps. The analysis encompasses legal definitions, enforcement mechanisms, and practical experiences regarding corruption linked to digital assets, e-government platforms, and cyber-related misconduct. A key finding is the efficacy of flexible legal language in leading jurisdictions; terms such as “anything of value,” “benefit,” or “gratification” provide the necessary breadth to encompass modern forms of bribery, including cryptocurrency transfers and intangible advantages. While Uzbekistan‘s Criminal Code remains robust, its reliance on the traditional formulation of “tangible valuables or pecuniary benefit” may be insufficiently broad to capture non-material digital advantages. Consequently, the paper concludes that Uzbekistan would benefit from updating its legal terminology to reflect international standards. Furthermore, the development of specialized expertise in digital evidence and the deepening of international cooperation are presented as essential requirements for the legal system to effectively mitigate contemporary corruption risks in the digital age.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF CITIZENSHIP AND EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICANTS TO OBTAIN ADVOCATE STATUS
A. Matmurotov · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
In this article, the requirements of citizenship and educational qualifications for obtaining advocate status are examined and thoroughly analyzed on the basis of national legislation, the views of scholars, and the positive aspects of the legislation of foreign countries (USA, UK, Russian Federation, France, Japan, Georgia, Lithuania, Finland, Italy, Vietnam, China, Turkey, Germany, Sweden, South Korea, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Ukraine). The authors scientifically substantiate the need to optimize the requirement of holding citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan for obtaining advocate status, as well as to further clarify the educational qualification as a “basic higher legal education.” In addition, they argue that, by way of exception, the requirement of possessing “basic higher legal education” should be waived for individuals holding an academic degree. Furthermore, the authors have developed proposals and recommendations aimed not only at improving legislation, but also at further enriching the theory of advocacy. These findings contribute significantly to the ongoing legal discourse regarding professional standards and the modernization of the national legal system.
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INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION LAW IN THE TURKIC STATES OF AZERBAIJAN, TÜRKIYE AND UZBEKISTAN
S. Masadikov · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
This research paper examines the international commercial arbitration legal frameworks in three jurisdictions: Azerbaijan, Türkiye, and Uzbekistan. These three Turkic States, positioned at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, have emerged as significant players in international trade and investment, necessitating robust arbitration systems to resolve cross-border commercial disputes. The study reveals that while all three jurisdictions have made substantial progress in developing their arbitration frameworks, they exhibit varying degrees of alignment with international standards. Türkiye has established the most sophisticated arbitration regime and developed institutional infrastructure through the Istanbul Arbitration Centre. Uzbekistan has demonstrated remarkable recent progress, particularly with its 2021 Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the establishment of the Tashkent International Arbitration Centre in 2018. Azerbaijan has also modernized its arbitration framework with the adoption of the 2023 Law on Arbitration and the establishment of the Baku Arbitration Centre in 2025. The findings indicate that all three countries are signatories to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, demonstrating their commitment to international arbitration standards. However, enforcement mechanisms vary, with all three jurisdictions showing judicial support for arbitration and some issues such as public policy exceptions examined carefully. Recent reforms reflect a regional trend toward harmonization with international best practices, including legislative amendments to streamline enforcement procedures and strengthen institutional capacity. The paper concludes with recommendations for legislative reforms, institutional development and capacity building to position these jurisdictions as competitive arbitration venues in the Eurasian region.
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CIVIL LAW STATUS OF A BONA FIDE POSSESSOR IN CIS COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
N. Imomov, E. Juchniewicz, U. Makhmudkhodjayeva, B. Koryogdiev · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
Despite the considerable attention paid in civil law scholarship to the protection of ownership and other real rights, no sufficiently clear and systematic approach has yet been developed with regard to the legal regulation of relations involving bona fide possessors. As a result, significant difficulties remain in the protection and restoration of the subjective rights and legally protected interests of such persons. The problem becomes particularly acute where the legislator fails to provide an objective and workable definition of a ‘bona fide possessor,‘ thereby complicating the judicial resolution of disputes. The concept of a bona fide possessor is closely connected with the institution of vindication, because the relevant legal rules seek to maintain a balance between the interests of the owner and those of the bona fide acquirer. Under contemporary civil legislation, the owner is not entitled to recover property in every case, and the good faith of the acquirer therefore becomes decisive. This article examines the civil law status of the bona fide possessor through a comparative analysis of the legislation, doctrine, and judicial approaches of CIS countries and several related post-Soviet jurisdictions. It argues that comparative legal experience demonstrates different models of balancing transactional stability, trust in property circulation, and the protection of original ownership.
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THE RIGHT TO ACCESS ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION: PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE AARHUS CONVENTION IN UZBEKISTAN
D. Nodirbekova · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
This article focuses on the legal regulation of access to environmental information in Uzbekistan after the country‘s accession to the Aarhus Convention. The research analyzes how the Convention‘s key requirements on environmental information, public participation, and access to justice can be reflected in national legislation and administrative practice. The topic is relevant because Uzbekistan now has an international obligation to improve the openness of environmental data, ensure meaningful public involvement in environmental decision-making, and provide effective remedies when these rights are violated. The purpose of the study is to identify the main gaps in the current legal framework and to propose practical directions for implementing Aarhus standards in Uzbekistan. The article is based on the analysis of international legal norms, national legislation, and recent scholarly approaches to environmental democracy. As a result, the article reveals that environmental information should be developed as an independent legal category, public authorities should disclose such information proactively, and judicial and administrative protection mechanisms should be strengthened. The results may be used in improving environmental legislation, open data policy, and public participation procedures. The article concludes that effective implementation of the Aarhus Convention requires transparent information databases, meaningful public hearings, and accessible justice mechanisms.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEGAL DRAFTING: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UZBEKISTAN AND CHINA
M. Sadikov, A. Younas · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in drafting legal documents in Uzbekistan and China. It explores the evolution of AI from a supplementary tool to a central component of digital justice. The study reviews legislative initiatives in both countries, such as Uzbekistan‘s ethical standards slated for 2026 and China‘s implementation of the “smart courts” system. Special emphasis is placed on AI‘s functional capabilities, including automated contract generation, the detection of corruption risks in legislative acts, and the examination of judicial precedents. The research highlights significant differences between the two nations‘ approaches, particularly in areas such as algorithmic liability and personal data protection. While China emphasizes the comprehensive integration of AI into public governance, Uzbekistan follows the “human-in-the-loop” principle, restricting the legal authority of algorithms. The paper concludes with a call to harmonize standards for algorithmic transparency in order to mitigate risks associated with AI “hallucinations.” The findings from this study aim to provide guidance for improving national legislation related to the digital transformation of the legal sector.
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AI AND THE FUTURE OF ANTI-CORRUPTION GOVERNANCE
M. Ahmadjonov · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
Corruption remains a persistent global problem, and many Central Asian states have demonstrated limited advancement or even deterioration in their efforts to address it. Although Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have achieved measurable progress, countries such as Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan have seen notable setbacks, highlighting ongoing institutional and governance deficiencies. This study emphasizes the growing relevance of artificial intelligence as a potential instrument in anti-corruption initiatives. Through capabilities such as large-scale data analysis, anomaly detection, risk prediction, and the automation of bureaucratic procedures, AI can help minimize opportunities for misconduct and strengthen transparency. The paper also examines Uzbekistan‘s current anti-corruption reforms, particularly the digitalization of administrative processes, while noting that the integration of advanced AI tools remains at an early stage. Nevertheless, the adoption of AI introduces its own risks, including algorithmic bias, data privacy issues, and the possibility of exploitation by authorities. To be effective, AI-driven anti-corruption frameworks must be supported by robust governance mechanisms, openness, accountability, and ongoing evaluation. Ultimately, the research stresses that meaningful cooperation between state institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector is crucial to fully realize AI‘s potential while ensuring ethical, equitable, and trustworthy approaches to fighting corruption.
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ANALYSIS OF CORRUPTION FACTORS RELATED TO MATCH-FIXING IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS
K. Musashaykhov · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of corruption factors associated with match-fixing in professional sports in Uzbekistan. Match-fixing is recognized as one of the most serious threats to the integrity of sports, as it undermines fair competition, damages public trust, and diminishes the social and economic value of athletic achievements. The study highlights the main causes of match-fixing, including financial instability among athletes and clubs, the tendency of players and coaches to seek illegal profits, weak monitoring and control mechanisms, and insufficient transparency within sports organizations and refereeing systems. The research methodology combines legal analysis, comparative study of international practices, and case studies of disciplinary proceedings in Uzbekistan between 2019 and 2023. Results reveal that 77 individuals, including players, referees, and coaches, were sanctioned for match-fixing while Uzbek tennis players and swimmers faced international disciplinary measures. However, sanctions remain primarily disciplinary, with no criminal liability established in national legislation. The discussion compares Uzbekistan‘s situation with countries such as Bulgaria, Denmark, and Germany, which criminalized match-fixing, and with the Council of Europe‘s Macolin Convention. The conclusion emphasizes the urgent need to introduce criminal liability, strengthen preventive mechanisms, and enhance cooperation between sports federations and law enforcement agencies.
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THE CHALLENGES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE
S. Tillaboev · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
This paper explores the complex and evolving landscape of human rights protection in the context of rapid digital transformation. The proliferation of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, big data, and social media platforms, has created new opportunities for exercising fundamental rights such as freedom of expression, access to information, and participation in public life. At the same time, it has introduced unprecedented risks, including mass surveillance, data privacy violations, algorithmic discrimination, and the erosion of personal autonomy. The study highlights the tension between technological innovation and the safeguarding of universal human rights, emphasizing the need for robust international legal frameworks and adaptive governance mechanisms. The conclusions made in the article are further supported by empirical evidence showing the existence of digital inequality, internet shutdowns, and discrimination, despite the soft law consensus. The article argues that the protection of digital human rights requires the development of a legally binding international treaty, the evolving nature of the law governing the digital environment, and the effectiveness of international monitoring.
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EXTRADITION AS A MECHANISM OF THE INEVITABILITY OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
L. Sultonova · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
The article examines extradition as a criminal-law mechanism for implementing the principle of the inevitability of criminal liability in the context of the growing transnational nature of crime and the expansion of international cooperation between states. It is argued that although extradition is traditionally classified within international and criminal procedural law, it possesses a distinct criminal-law dimension, as it is directly related to the extraterritorial application of criminal law and the enforcement of criminal responsibility. The study analyzes the criminal-law grounds of extradition, including the principle of double criminality, the seriousness of the offense, limitation periods, and other factors determining the admissibility of surrender. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between extradition and alternative forms of exercising criminal jurisdiction, as well as its role in preventing the evasion of criminal liability through cross-border movement. The article concludes that extradition serves as an essential instrument for ensuring the inevitability of criminal responsibility and enhances the effectiveness of criminal-law protection. Proposals are formulated for further theoretical development of extradition within the system of criminal law.
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CAUSES OF CRIMES AGAINST THE SEXUAL INVIOLABILITY OF MINORS AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR COMMISSION
I. Achilov · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
The article provides a comprehensive criminological analysis of the causes and conditions contributing to crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors. The study examines theoretical and doctrinal approaches to distinguishing between the concepts of “causes” and “conditions” of crime and assesses their significance in the formation of criminal behavior. The purpose of the research is to identify the key criminological determinants of crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors and to clarify the role of objective and subjective factors influencing their commission. Particular attention is paid to subjective and objective factors influencing the commission of such crimes, including family upbringing, social environment, the level of legal and moral awareness of minors, and victimological characteristics of victims‘ behavior. Based on the analysis of statistical data, criminal case materials, and judicial practice, the article reveals the dynamics, structure, and latent nature of crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors. The research is based on the analysis of official crime statistics, the study of criminal case materials, and comparative legal analysis of legislation regulating the age of sexual consent in foreign countries. The paper also addresses the consequences of sexual crimes for the physical and psychological development of children and presents a comparative legal analysis of the age of sexual consent in foreign jurisdictions. The article concludes with recommendations aimed at improving mechanisms for the prevention of sexual crimes against minors and strengthening the protection of children‘s rights.
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GENERAL SUPERVISION IN THE MECHANISM OF ENSURING LEGALITY: THE THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF PROSECUTORIAL ACTIVITY
U. Sobitova · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
This scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the so-called “general supervision” as a universal and system-forming direction of prosecutorial activity within the mechanism of ensuring the rule of law and constitutional legality. The paper reconsiders the doctrinal content of general supervision, analyzing its legal nature, functional purpose, and place within the system of state and public control. Special attention is paid to the structural elements of the subject of prosecutorial supervision, including compliance with the Constitution, implementation of laws, and conformity of legal acts with legislative requirements, as well as their relationship with other forms of prosecutorial activity. Based on theoretical-legal and formal-legal analysis, the article substantiates the thesis that the universal character of general supervision is manifested not only in the broad scope of supervised entities but also in the ability of the prosecution to exercise oversight regardless of the departmental affiliation of organs and organizations, promptly responding to violations of legality in various spheres of public relations. It is shown that general supervision represents an independent type of legal activity aimed at detecting, preventing, and suppressing legal violations, restoring infringed rights and lawful interests of citizens, and ensuring uniform application of legislation throughout the state territory. The article also identifies and analyzes problematic aspects of implementing general supervision, including normative uncertainty of its content, duplication of control functions with other public authorities, significant workload on prosecutorial bodies, and insufficient development of criteria for evaluating supervisory effectiveness.
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LEGAL REGULATION, PRACTICE, AND SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF LAND SERVITUDE IN THE LEGISLATION OF UZBEKISTAN AND CIS COUNTRIES
Z. Abdusamadova · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations, historical development, modern trends, and legislative changes concerning legal relations related to land servitudes in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Special attention is given to the various forms of restricted land use rights (servitudes) for private and public needs, their legal basis, and pressing issues in practice. The article discusses the procedures for establishing servitude rights, grounds for their termination, disputes arising from servitudes, and mechanisms for their resolution. A comparative analysis is also made with the practices of CIS countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and the Russian Federation, highlighting both positive and negative aspects. The article outlines Uzbekistan‘s experience in regulating servitude relations, achievements, and shortcomings and offers a critical assessment of mechanisms that have proven ineffective in practice. Finally, the article presents proposals and future directions for improving the servitude institution.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF INTRODUCING REGIONAL “ROADMAPS” IN SUPPORTING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
A. Azimov · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
The article analyzes modern mechanisms for ensuring youth employment, the need to develop “road maps” tailored to regional labor markets, and their practical effectiveness. Specifically, the study examines a model for regional programs aimed at increasing youth employment, drawing on data from several specific regions. Furthermore, proposals will be put forward to establish a vocational training system, taking into account the needs of the local labor market. Grounded in the President‘s Address to the Oliy Majlis and the people, the article investigates regional production and employment issues, with a focus on youth demographics. Special emphasis is placed on the potential for creating a high-quality labor market by leveraging internal regional resources. The main idea of this article is that one of the priority tasks is the development of a mechanism for solving employment issues related to the group of social rights of youth, as well as the harmonious formation of this mechanism with legislative acts aimed at increasing the economic potential of the regions. It should be noted that the wide opportunities and attention given to young people by the head of state today are based on the future of our country.
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LABOR LAW OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
M. Rakhimov · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
This article examines the system of fundamental principles of labor law enshrined in Article 3 of the Labor Code of the Kyrgyz Republic. Using doctrinal, historical, and comparative legal methods, the study analyzes the evolution of labor law principles from the first Labor Code of 1997 through the 2004 Code to the current Code adopted in 2025. Special attention is paid to the legal content, structure, and practical implementation of key principles, including freedom of labor, prohibition of forced labor, non-discrimination, and the right to fair remuneration, protection against unjustified dismissal, safe working conditions, and social protection against unemployment. The research also identifies gaps between the declarative formulation of these principles and their actual enforcement in legal practice. The article argues that while the 2025 Labor Code consolidates a socially oriented and balanced model of labor regulation, further legislative clarification and institutional mechanisms are necessary to ensure that labor law principles function as effective legal guarantees rather than purely symbolic norms.
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A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL LEGAL POLICY MODELS
F. Eshturdiyeva · TSUL Legal Report · 2026
This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the national legal policy models of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Belarus. The study conceptualizes legal policy as the state‘s strategic activity aimed at shaping and developing the legal system and focuses on identifying its constitutional foundations, regulatory priorities, and institutional mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that the substance and orientation of legal policy models are directly linked to a state‘s political and legal structure, the degree of separation of powers, and the system of legal values. The German model is grounded in the primacy of the rule of law state and constitutional review, whereas the Russian and Belarusian models reveal a close interconnection between legal policy and state interests, as well as political stability. The legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized as a transitional model that combines strategic planning with legal modernization. The article substantiates that these conclusions not only enrich legal policy theory but also hold scientific and practical significance for improving national legal systems and planning legal reform processes.
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INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE RIGHT TO INTERNET ACCESS: A NEW GENERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
A. Muminov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
In this article, it is thoroughly analyzed how the use of the Internet has acquired the status of a fundamental right within the framework of international law and how this process has been successful in some cases. The study examines such important legal frameworks as regional normative documents on human rights, and statements of the Special Rapporteurs, decisions of the UN Human Rights Council as well as the experience of new states. This study reveals important contradictions through theoretical analysis and practical study of Internet disruptions and access barriers. On the one hand, at least at the theoretical level, there is growing international consensus on the issue of digital rights. However, real practice demonstrates an even more alarming picture: government structures continue to impose restrictions largely unpunished, often relying on vague interpretations of national security, which indicates that international law does not have sufficient force to act as an effective barrier. The study shows that although access to the Internet has not achieved the status of an autonomous human right in compulsory contract law, its functional necessity for the exercise of established rights (freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and freedom of information) has created what can be called de facto directly through the back door.
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CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM FINANCING
B. Otaboev · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
The study is devoted to the legal nature and theoretical justification of the concept of terrorism financing, which is considered as an independent crime that emerged as a result of the development of international and national anti-terrorism legislation. The paper analyzes the subject and topic of the research by establishing the connection between terrorism, crimes of a terrorist nature, and the financial mechanisms that ensure their commission. The aim of the research is to identify problems related to the legal definition of terrorism financing and to substantiate the need for its normative improvement. The relevance of the study is determined by the absence of a unified approach in legislation and doctrine, which complicates law-enforcement practice and the identification of this act. The methodological basis consists of comparative-legal, systemic, and formal-legal methods. As a result, significant differences between international and national definitions of terrorism and terrorism financing were identified, demonstrating the incompleteness of current formulations and the need for an expanded interpretation. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the proposed conclusions to improve criminal legislation and mechanisms for combating terrorism financing. It is concluded that clarifying the normative definition, taking into account international standards, and incorporating the category of crimes of a terrorist nature into legal regulation are essential for the proper qualification of terrorism financing.
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THE ROLE OF MEZZANINE CAPITAL IN FINANCING ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY AND ITS LEGAL REGULATION
A. Rahmatov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
This article aims to examine the role of mezzanine financing – a non-traditional, hybrid instrument – in situations where conventional methods (bank loans, leasing) lack flexibility and sufficient risk appetite for innovative projects. Mezzanine finance combines elements of debt and equity, allowing companies to attract substantial capital without diluting existing shareholding, and holds an intermediate position in the priority ranking during insolvency, situated between senior creditors and shareholders. The core of the research consists of a comparative analysis of mezzanine‘s legal regulation. The article details the relationships between the key participants in a Mezzanine transaction – the borrower, the senior creditor, and the mezzanine creditor – including their priority, the collateral (shares/equity interests), and return requirements. The conclusion substantiates the need to implement relevant norms into Uzbekistan‘s national legislation, drawing on the similarities between mezzanine and existing financing types, including the introduction of accelerated foreclosure procedures and the establishment of legal certainty for private investments.
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PROPERTY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (3D PRINTING): A SUI GENERIS PERSPECTIVE WITHIN CIVIL LAW
N. Shermatov · TSUL Legal Report · 2025
The article examines the complex civil-law regulation of digital and physical objects created through additive manufacturing technologies. Drawing on comparative analysis of the Uzbek Civil Code, the Laws on Copyright, Patents, and E-Commerce, and strategic documents such as the Strategy “Uzbekistan – 2030” and Digital Uzbekistan–2030, the study identifies significant legal gaps in defining ownership, authorship, and liability concerning 3D-printed objects and their digital design files (CAD models). The article contrasts Uzbekistan‘s framework with the approaches of the EU, USA, China, Germany, France, and post-Soviet jurisdictions, emphasizing how most countries rely on adapting existing property and intellectual property doctrines rather than introducing a new regulatory regime. The analysis highlights unresolved doctrinal issues such as the dual nature of 3D-printed property (digital and material), uncertainty of rights transfer in digital environments, and insufficient enforcement mechanisms for online infringements. Finally, the author proposes sui generis reforms within Uzbekistan‘s civil law – clarifying digital goods ownership, expanding copyright scope to CAD files, introducing limited-use exceptions, and strengthening IP enforcement online – aligning national legislation with international best practice and the technological goals of Strategy 2030.
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