2026-11-04T10:25:09Z https://relibrary.uz/oai/

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014027 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEGAL DRAFTING: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UZBEKISTAN AND CHINA Sadikov Maksudboy Younas Ammar This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in drafting legal documents in Uzbekistan and China. It explores the evolution of AI from a supplementary tool to a central component of digital justice. The study reviews legislative initiatives in both countries, such as Uzbekistan‘s ethical standards slated for 2026 and China‘s implementation of the “smart courts” system. Special emphasis is placed on AI‘s functional capabilities, including automated contract generation, the detection of corruption risks in legislative acts, and the examination of judicial precedents. The research highlights significant differences between the two nations‘ approaches, particularly in areas such as algorithmic liability and personal data protection. While China emphasizes the comprehensive integration of AI into public governance, Uzbekistan follows the “human-in-the-loop” principle, restricting the legal authority of algorithms. The paper concludes with a call to harmonize standards for algorithmic transparency in order to mitigate risks associated with AI “hallucinations.” The findings from this study aim to provide guidance for improving national legislation related to the digital transformation of the legal sector. rtificial intelligence legal drafting legal tech AI ethics natural language processing digitalization of justice legislation of Uzbekistan Chinese law algorithmic accountability TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014027/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./ocqd5297 REL-A-014027 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 5-11 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014028 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE RIGHT TO ACCESS ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION: PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE AARHUS CONVENTION IN UZBEKISTAN Nodirbekova Dildona This article focuses on the legal regulation of access to environmental information in Uzbekistan after the country‘s accession to the Aarhus Convention. The research analyzes how the Convention‘s key requirements on environmental information, public participation, and access to justice can be reflected in national legislation and administrative practice. The topic is relevant because Uzbekistan now has an international obligation to improve the openness of environmental data, ensure meaningful public involvement in environmental decision-making, and provide effective remedies when these rights are violated. The purpose of the study is to identify the main gaps in the current legal framework and to propose practical directions for implementing Aarhus standards in Uzbekistan. The article is based on the analysis of international legal norms, national legislation, and recent scholarly approaches to environmental democracy. As a result, the article reveals that environmental information should be developed as an independent legal category, public authorities should disclose such information proactively, and judicial and administrative protection mechanisms should be strengthened. The results may be used in improving environmental legislation, open data policy, and public participation procedures. The article concludes that effective implementation of the Aarhus Convention requires transparent information databases, meaningful public hearings, and accessible justice mechanisms. environmental law environmental governance transparency environmental information public participation access to justice Aarhus Convention TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014028/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./fsca8197 REL-A-014028 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 12-21 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014029 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

CIVIL LAW STATUS OF A BONA FIDE POSSESSOR IN CIS COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS Imomov Nurillo Juchniewicz Edward Makhmudkhodjayeva Umida Koryogdiev Bobur Despite the considerable attention paid in civil law scholarship to the protection of ownership and other real rights, no sufficiently clear and systematic approach has yet been developed with regard to the legal regulation of relations involving bona fide possessors. As a result, significant difficulties remain in the protection and restoration of the subjective rights and legally protected interests of such persons. The problem becomes particularly acute where the legislator fails to provide an objective and workable definition of a ‘bona fide possessor,‘ thereby complicating the judicial resolution of disputes. The concept of a bona fide possessor is closely connected with the institution of vindication, because the relevant legal rules seek to maintain a balance between the interests of the owner and those of the bona fide acquirer. Under contemporary civil legislation, the owner is not entitled to recover property in every case, and the good faith of the acquirer therefore becomes decisive. This article examines the civil law status of the bona fide possessor through a comparative analysis of the legislation, doctrine, and judicial approaches of CIS countries and several related post-Soviet jurisdictions. It argues that comparative legal experience demonstrates different models of balancing transactional stability, trust in property circulation, and the protection of original ownership. bona fide possessor bona fide acquirer vindication property rights civil law comparative law protection of possession TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014029/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./adtp2124 REL-A-014029 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 22-39 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014030 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION LAW IN THE TURKIC STATES OF AZERBAIJAN, TÜRKIYE AND UZBEKISTAN Masadikov Sherzodbek This research paper examines the international commercial arbitration legal frameworks in three jurisdictions: Azerbaijan, Türkiye, and Uzbekistan. These three Turkic States, positioned at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, have emerged as significant players in international trade and investment, necessitating robust arbitration systems to resolve cross-border commercial disputes. The study reveals that while all three jurisdictions have made substantial progress in developing their arbitration frameworks, they exhibit varying degrees of alignment with international standards. Türkiye has established the most sophisticated arbitration regime and developed institutional infrastructure through the Istanbul Arbitration Centre. Uzbekistan has demonstrated remarkable recent progress, particularly with its 2021 Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the establishment of the Tashkent International Arbitration Centre in 2018. Azerbaijan has also modernized its arbitration framework with the adoption of the 2023 Law on Arbitration and the establishment of the Baku Arbitration Centre in 2025. The findings indicate that all three countries are signatories to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, demonstrating their commitment to international arbitration standards. However, enforcement mechanisms vary, with all three jurisdictions showing judicial support for arbitration and some issues such as public policy exceptions examined carefully. Recent reforms reflect a regional trend toward harmonization with international best practices, including legislative amendments to streamline enforcement procedures and strengthen institutional capacity. The paper concludes with recommendations for legislative reforms, institutional development and capacity building to position these jurisdictions as competitive arbitration venues in the Eurasian region. international commercial arbitration arbitration institutions arbitrability enforcement public policy the UNCITRAL Model Law the New York Convention Azerbaijan Türkiye Uzbekistan TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014030/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./ojpd2386 REL-A-014030 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 40-57 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014031 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE IMPORTANCE OF CITIZENSHIP AND EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICANTS TO OBTAIN ADVOCATE STATUS Matmurotov Alibek In this article, the requirements of citizenship and educational qualifications for obtaining advocate status are examined and thoroughly analyzed on the basis of national legislation, the views of scholars, and the positive aspects of the legislation of foreign countries (USA, UK, Russian Federation, France, Japan, Georgia, Lithuania, Finland, Italy, Vietnam, China, Turkey, Germany, Sweden, South Korea, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Ukraine). The authors scientifically substantiate the need to optimize the requirement of holding citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan for obtaining advocate status, as well as to further clarify the educational qualification as a “basic higher legal education.” In addition, they argue that, by way of exception, the requirement of possessing “basic higher legal education” should be waived for individuals holding an academic degree. Furthermore, the authors have developed proposals and recommendations aimed not only at improving legislation, but also at further enriching the theory of advocacy. These findings contribute significantly to the ongoing legal discourse regarding professional standards and the modernization of the national legal system. advocate status citizenship requirement legal profession educational qualifications basic higher legal education advocacy reform comparative legal analysis TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014031/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./cotk8348 REL-A-014031 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 58-71 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014032 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR DIGITAL CORRUPTION: UZBEKISTAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Fazilov Farkhod Amanjolova Botagoz Digital transformation has significantly altered state operations while simultaneously reshaping the landscape of corruption. New schemes, inherently tied to emerging technologies, are increasingly categorized as “digital corruption.” This paper examines how criminal liability for such acts is regulated across several jurisdictions, focusing on the United States, Germany, and Singapore. These international approaches are subsequently compared with the legislative framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan using a comparative legal methodology to identify both commonalities and regulatory gaps. The analysis encompasses legal definitions, enforcement mechanisms, and practical experiences regarding corruption linked to digital assets, e-government platforms, and cyber-related misconduct. A key finding is the efficacy of flexible legal language in leading jurisdictions; terms such as “anything of value,” “benefit,” or “gratification” provide the necessary breadth to encompass modern forms of bribery, including cryptocurrency transfers and intangible advantages. While Uzbekistan‘s Criminal Code remains robust, its reliance on the traditional formulation of “tangible valuables or pecuniary benefit” may be insufficiently broad to capture non-material digital advantages. Consequently, the paper concludes that Uzbekistan would benefit from updating its legal terminology to reflect international standards. Furthermore, the development of specialized expertise in digital evidence and the deepening of international cooperation are presented as essential requirements for the legal system to effectively mitigate contemporary corruption risks in the digital age. digital corruption criminal liability cryptocurrency bribery cyber-enabled corruption anti-corruption enforcement digital assets in criminal law TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014032/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./crex3919 REL-A-014032 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 72-84 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014033 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

SCIENTIFIC-THEORETICAL ISSUES OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN INVESTIGATING CYBERBULLYING CRIMES Tulanboeva Adiba This article analyzes the scientific and theoretical aspects of electronic evidence in the investigation of cyberbullying crimes. It covers the concept of cyberbullying, its manifestations in the modern digital environment, and the role of electronic evidence in identifying and proving this type of crime. It also examines the specific characteristics of electronic evidence, problems that arise in the process of collecting, storing, and evaluating it. During the study, the main types of electronic evidence encountered in cyberbullying-related crimes are identified and their importance in the investigation process is justified. Practical problems that arise when working with electronic evidence are analyzed and the theoretical foundations for their elimination are highlighted. The results of this study serve to further understand the role and importance of electronic evidence in the effective investigation of cyberbullying crimes. cyberbullying electronic evidence digital forensics investigative process social media IP address metadata log files cybercrime evidence evaluation TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014033/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./yfyt2774 REL-A-014033 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 85-97 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014034 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

CRYPTO-ACTIVES AS A NEW MEANS OF CORRUPTION CRIME: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY MECHANISMS Egamberdiev Dilshodjon Dubey Deepa This article examines the use of digital financial assets, particularly cryptocurrencies, as new instruments for committing corruption-related crimes. The research aims to analyze the legal characterization of corruption offenses involving cryptocurrencies, evidentiary challenges, and the effectiveness of national and international criminal liability mechanisms. The relevance of the study stems from the fact that pseudonymous features of blockchain technology, decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms, and privacy coins significantly complicate the identification of parties to corrupt transactions. The study employs comparative-legal, systemic-structural, formal-juridical, and statistical analysis methods. A comparative analysis of the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and foreign countries was carried out. The results demonstrate that in many countries, the criminal-legal status of cryptocurrencies has not yet been fully defined, which complicates the qualification of corruption offenses. The research findings substantiate the need to improve national criminal legislation, expand blockchain forensics capabilities, and strengthen international cooperation mechanisms. cryptocurrency corruption blockchain criminal liability digital financial assets money laundering KYC/AML FATF TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014034/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./elie8148 REL-A-014034 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 98-109 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014035 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR ENSURING THE HUMAN RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT Rasbergenova Sarbinaz This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the system of universal international legal instruments designed to ensure the human right to a healthy environment. The study examines both foundational United Nations human rights documents that have received environmental interpretation through the practice of treaty bodies, and specialized multilateral environmental conventions. Particular attention is devoted to climate agreements, conventions on biodiversity, transboundary environmental impact, and hazardous substances. The article traces the evolution of approaches from the indirect protection of environmental rights through classical human rights norms towards the explicit recognition of the nexus between human rights and the environment in the 2015 Paris Agreement. The research encompasses the role of regional human rights courts in developing environmental jurisprudence, as well as mechanisms for implementing international obligations at the domestic level. A systematic approach to the application of diverse international instruments is emphasized as essential for achieving comprehensive protection of environmental rights. The study concludes that, despite the absence of a single universal treaty explicitly enshrining the right to a healthy environment, a multi-layered system of international agreements has emerged that ensures the holistic protection of this right through the integration of international environmental and human rights law norms. The findings contribute to the theoretical foundations of international environmental law and human rights scholarship. Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement Convention on Biological Diversity Basel Convention Stockholm Convention Minamata Convention Vienna Convention on the Ozone Layer Montreal Protocol environmental interpretation of rights human right to a healthy environment TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014035/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./dfvc4111 REL-A-014035 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 110-115 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014036 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PROSPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN IN COMBATING CYBERCRIME AGAINST CHILDREN Nurullaev Farrukh This article examines the organizational and legal mechanisms for strengthening international cooperation in combating cybercrimes committed against children. The research focuses on the interaction between Uzbekistan‘s national legal framework and international standards on children‘s rights, cybercrime, digital evidence and cross-border cooperation. The study applies normative-legal, comparative-legal, systematic and empirical methods. An expert-oriented survey of 47 respondents conducted through Google Forms in November 2025 is used to assess practical perceptions of existing legal gaps. The findings show that most respondents consider the current national framework insufficient for addressing cybercrimes against children, especially because of the lack of precise legal definitions, difficulties in collecting digital evidence, limited cooperation with foreign technology platforms and the absence of specialized procedural tools. The article argues that criminalization alone is not enough: Uzbekistan needs an integrated model combining substantive criminal law reform, a 24/7 contact point, faster preservation of electronic evidence, binding cooperation duties for technology companies and preventive measures in schools and families. The conclusions may be used in legislative drafting, law-enforcement practice and child protection policy. international cooperation cybercrime child rights digital evidence online grooming sextortion technology platforms TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014036/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./idqx2783 REL-A-014036 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 116-124 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014037 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE EUROPEAN UNION‘S REGIONAL APPROACH TO COMBATING ILLEGAL MIGRATION Kholmirzaeva Shokhista This article examines the European Union‘s regional approach to combating illegal migration in the context of increasing cross-border mobility, security challenges, and humanitarian concerns. The main objective of the study is to analyze how the European Union designs and implements cooperative mechanisms with its member states and neighboring regions in order to prevent, manage, and reduce irregular migration flows. The research applies qualitative and comparative legal methods, including the analysis of EU migration policies, international legal instruments, regional agreements, and institutional practices such as Frontex operations and cooperation with third countries. The article identifies several key problems, including the unequal distribution of responsibilities among EU member states, insufficient coordination with countries of origin and transit, persistent human rights risks for migrants, and the limited effectiveness of return and readmission mechanisms. These challenges undermine the overall capacity of the EU to respond to illegal migration in a coherent and sustainable manner. Based on the findings, the study proposes a set of legal and policy recommendations, such as strengthening regional cooperation frameworks, improving information exchange and border management systems, expanding legal migration channels, and ensuring stronger protection of migrants‘ rights. The results of this research contribute to a better understanding of EU migration governance and offer practical guidance for enhancing regional security and migration management. illegal migration European Union regional cooperation Frontex migration law border management human rights TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014037/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./chml2431 REL-A-014037 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 125-132 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014038 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

GUARANTEEING PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS THROUGH THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF SANITARY TREE TREATMENT Odilov Jamshid This article examines the challenges of ensuring the public‘s right to a healthy environment in the context of sanitary tree cutting. The study analyzes the ecological, legal, and social aspects of managing urban green spaces. It establishes that while the primary purpose of sanitary cutting is to maintain ecological balance by removing diseased, damaged, or hazardous trees, improper execution can lead to the loss of green cover, degraded air quality, and the infringement of environmental rights. Drawing on the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, international standards, and current scientific research, the article outlines the necessary procedures for compliant and sustainable management. The results suggest that strengthening environmental oversight, fostering public participation, and implementing integrated digital tools, such as the electronic ecological passport, are essential to addressing these issues. The article concludes with practical recommendations for improving regulatory practices in sanitary tree management to promote sustainable urban forestry development. sanitary pruning cambium dendrology environmental protection ecological safety public control electronic ecological passport TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014038/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./ufwe6035 REL-A-014038 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 133-140 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014039 2026-09-28T06:33:29Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENFORCING A FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARD ANNULED IN THE COURT OF ORIGIN: ANALYSING COMMISA V. PEMEX CASE AND CHROMALLOY AEROSERVICES V. ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT Khosilova Madina This article looks into the problems that come with enforcing foreign arbitral awards that have been set aside, especially in U.S. courts, and looks at how this affects the international dispute resolution system. The article focuses on how U.S. courts have dealt with cases such as PEMEX, a state-owned oil company, and COMMISA, a subsidiary of KBR, Inc., a U.S. construction company, and Chromalloy Aeroservices v. Arab Republic of Egypt. Enforcing awards that have been set aside is still a big topic of debate, and it gets criticized by both legal experts and professionals. Some courts respect the decisions made at the place where the arbitration happened and choose not to enforce annulled awards, showing respect for international cooperation. Others use the rules from the New York Convention to check the validity of the awards on their own and might still enforce them even if they were set aside. The study looks at how different places handle this issue, especially recent U.S. court rulings. It ends by saying these differences might hurt the main ideas of international arbitration, like fairness and efficiency. international arbitration foreign arbitral awards annulment enforcemen New York Convention COMMISA a subsidiary of KBR Inc a U.S. construction company v. state-owned oil company PEMEX Chromalloy Aeroservices v. Arab Republic of Egypt TSUL 2026-07-17 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014039/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.2./sywt6538 REL-A-014039 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 2; 141-150 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013944 2026-09-28T12:03:48Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN: FURTHER IMPROVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE SYSTEM Norov Ilhom This article is devoted to the study of the public service system. The author comes to the conclusion that the effectiveness of the public service, its social usefulness is determined by how, in what way and how well it serves the needs of a person, helps them in life. The civil service includes a necessary and important element of the structure of the state. It plays a bridging role between the state and society. This article also analyzes the new draft law “On the State Civil Service”. The further democratization of state building is a continuous process. Obviously, the reform of national statehood in Uzbekistan should also affect the institution of public service. The state program for the implementation of the Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026, approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated January 28, 2022 №PQ-60, provides new changes in this sphere. public service formation and legal regulation of public service selection for public service principles of public service meritocracy selection qualification public service reserve competition TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013944/ REL-A-013944 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 30-36 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013964 2026-09-28T12:03:48Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

SOME ASPECTS OF MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES IN CRIMINAL LAW Makhmudov Sunnatjon This article examines the features of mitigating circumstances when imposing punishment and the issue of taking into account in the presence of special (special) rules for mitigating circumstances. The role and significance of the general principles of sentencing and the principle of imposing punishment in the appointment of punishments were have analyzed. At the same time, this article analyzes the practical significance of the circumstances mitigating punishment when imposing punishment by studying some of the circumstances mitigating punishment. Also, about the active repentance of the perpetrator of the deed, various and similar features of punishment with the appointment of a lighter punishment, as well as some theoretical and practical problems associated with their application in the appointment of punishment.In addition, this article discusses the features of extenuating circumstances sentencing and the issue of their consideration in the presence of special rules of mitigating circumstances. This article describes the specific features of sentencing with active repentance of the offender, various and similar features of punishment with the imposition of a milder punishment, as well as some theoretical and practical problems associated using them in sentencing. As a result of this article relevant recommendations have been developed and proposals for improving the criminal law of the Republic of Uzbekistan. criminal law crime the concept of punishment mitigating circumstance aggravating circumstances guilty person confession sincere repentance active assistance in solving the crime TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013964/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./xlat9168 REL-A-013964 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 49-54 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013981 2026-09-28T12:03:49Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

DATA OWNERSHIP RIGHTS: LEGAL AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS Mamanazarov Sardor In the era of the digital economy, the concept of data ownership rights has emerged as a critical and complex issue. This research delves into the legal and technological dimensions surrounding the feasibility of establishing proprietary rights over digital artifacts. As data assumes heightened economic significance, questions arise regarding the applicability of traditional property laws to intangible, easily replicable digital representations. Scholars debate whether exclusive rights over non-rivalrous resources are meaningful in a landscape where multiple parties can simultaneously utilize data without depletion.The study employs a comprehensive methodology, analyzing legal frameworks globally and evaluating technological tools such as blockchain, homomorphic encryption, and digital watermarking. Legal barriers are explored, addressing challenges in establishing ownership over dynamically evolving data assets. The research also investigates emerging technological capabilities that facilitate usage controls, access management, and transparency. The focus then shifts to proposing a holistic data rights management framework, emphasizing the need for international accords, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and standardized metadata. Data ownership digital economy usage controls privacy enhancing technologies blockchain data rights exclusive rights data governance cryptography access controls TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013981/ REL-A-013981 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 4; 20-29 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014016 2026-09-28T12:03:49Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE RIGHT TO INTERNET ACCESS: A NEW GENERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Muminov Asilbek In this article, it is thoroughly analyzed how the use of the Internet has acquired the status of a fundamental right within the framework of international law and how this process has been successful in some cases. The study examines such important legal frameworks as regional normative documents on human rights, and statements of the Special Rapporteurs, decisions of the UN Human Rights Council as well as the experience of new states. This study reveals important contradictions through theoretical analysis and practical study of Internet disruptions and access barriers. On the one hand, at least at the theoretical level, there is growing international consensus on the issue of digital rights. However, real practice demonstrates an even more alarming picture: government structures continue to impose restrictions largely unpunished, often relying on vague interpretations of national security, which indicates that international law does not have sufficient force to act as an effective barrier. The study shows that although access to the Internet has not achieved the status of an autonomous human right in compulsory contract law, its functional necessity for the exercise of established rights (freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and freedom of information) has created what can be called de facto directly through the back door. internet access human rights international law digital rights freedom of expression UN resolutions internet shutdowns digital divide TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014016/ REL-A-014016 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 4; 48-57 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013937 2026-09-28T12:04:04Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

ISSUES OF APPLYING FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN COMBATING CORRUPTION TO THE NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM Khojiyeva Ruzigul The article discusses the ongoing reforms in combating corruption in Uzbekistan and the application of foreign experience positive aspects to national legislation. In this regard, the experience of developed and developing countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, China and Kazakhstan was studied. In addition, the article gives several recommendations for improving national legislation. corruption,bribery, civil servant, e-government, business corruption, special prosecutor‘s office. TSUL 2021-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013937/ REL-A-013937 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 2; No. 2; 11-15 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013938 2026-09-28T12:04:06Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

JURISDICTIONAL DECISIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ADOPTION BEST PRACTICES AND CASE ANALYSES JURISDICTIONAL DECISIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ADOPTION BEST PRACTICES AND CASE ANALYSES Bakhramova Mokhinur There are a broad variety of views, both in theory and case law, on the grounds for determination of the power of arbitrators to resolve disputes under their private power. For instance, while some scholars assume that authority is derived from the arbitral treaty as an item of approval necessary for the аrbitrаtiоn process, others assume that authority exists irrespective of any type of arrangement as an intrinsic force of the arbitral tribunal. In addition, a great number of writers apply the legislation of any state in which the аrbitrаtiоn arrangement is required to be applied to the definition of authority in the regulation of the arbitral seat. On the contrary, some scholars argue that the authority of arbitrators to exercise their private power should be separated from usual norms, rendering it impossible to rely on clauses of domestic law. Although these various foundations appear to be mutually exclusive at first glance, some writers nonetheless define them. There are a broad variety of views, both in theory and case law, on the grounds for determination of the power of arbitrators to resolve disputes under their private power. For instance, while some scholars assume that authority is derived from the arbitral treaty as an item of approval necessary for the аrbitrаtiоn process, others assume that authority exists irrespective of any type of arrangement as an intrinsic force of the arbitral tribunal. In addition, a great number of writers apply the legislation of any state in which the аrbitrаtiоn arrangement is required to be applied to the definition of authority in the regulation of the arbitral seat. On the contrary, some scholars argue that the authority of arbitrators to exercise their private power should be separated from usual norms, rendering it impossible to rely on clauses of domestic law. Although these various foundations appear to be mutually exclusive at first glance, some writers nonetheless define them. arbitration case law arbitration clause legislation litigation TOPCO v Libya case Ot- tley v Sheepshead Nursing Home Circuit case Arbitration Act Italian Code of Civil Procedure Swiss Private International Law Act German Code of Civil Procedure UNCITRAL Model Law on Inter- national Commercial Аrbitrаtiоn New York Convention TSUL 2021-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013938/ REL-A-013938 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 2; No. 2; 16-27 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013939 2026-09-28T12:04:09Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

ISSUES OF PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR OFFICIALS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Bobonazarov Alisher The theory that individuals are legally equal before the law and the laws of society has been developed for a long time. Although these ideas and principles are still evolving, sometimes individuals such as international organizations and their officials are granted “additional” immunity and other facilities. This article analyzes the existing immunities and privileges in international organizations and their officials, the legal framework and the application of immunity theories of international law in particular international organizations. international organizations officials immunities and privileges legal framework immunity theories international law TSUL 2021-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013939/ REL-A-013939 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 2; No. 2; 29-33 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013940 2026-09-28T12:04:18Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

Introduction of a new mechanism in creating a favorable investment climate: problems and solutions Mamasoliyeva Shakhrizoda This article provides a practical analysis of the evaluation, legal examination and monitoring of investment projects, the requirements for investment projects, the content and legal aspects of investment projects based on applicable law and the mechanism of their operation. The scope of reforms implemented by the Republic of Uzbekistan to improve the investment climate is also discussed. In addition, this article highlights the urgency of introducing a new mechanism for monitoring investment projects, as well as fully emphasizes the importance of monitoring investment projects to ensure the stability of the national economy. investment projects evaluation of investment projects legal examination monitoring of investment projects investment climate private property security pure competition international cooperation and periodic analysis economic efficiency investment policy infrastructure Entrepreneurship Code TSUL 2021-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013940/ REL-A-013940 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 2; No. 2; 34-42 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013941 2026-09-28T12:04:24Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

TAX MONITORING IN UZBEKISTAN: PROBLEMS AND ISSUES Turaboev Ikhtiyorjon Ergashev Ikrom Uzbek government tries to simplify and improve its tax administration system. Tax monitoring is the one of the results of the tax reforms. Benefits of tax monitoring for both taxpayers and tax authorities thoroughly examined. Despite that this form of tax control was introduced in 2018 taxpayers are still unwilling to apply for this procedure. The authors have analyzed specifics of the tax monitoring procedure and highlighted provisions of the tax monitoring rules which prevent taxpayers for using this from of the tax control. Having analyzed international experience in introducing the tax monitoring andprovisions of national tax monitoring regulation, the authors formulated own suggestions on improvement of the tax monitoring rules in order to attract more taxpayers for this procedure. Tax monitoring taxpayer cooperation tax reform information exchange TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013941/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./olhj5337 REL-A-013941 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013942 2026-09-28T12:04:32Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL ISSUES OF GENDER EQUALITY IN THE CIVIL SERVICE Rakhimov Dilmurodjon This article aims to study the issue of gender equality in the civil service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, its organizational and legal issues. The article explores the concepts of civil service, gender and gender equality theoretically based on the views of national and foreign scholars. The political will to ensure gender equality in the new Uzbekistan, the views of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev in this regard are included in the article. The contents of the law “On guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men” and other normative legal acts adopted in the new Uzbekistan on gender equality, in particular, the “Strategy for achieving gender equality in the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030” are analyzed. The role of gender equality in the civil service in these normative legal acts is studied. The work done to achieve gender equality in the civil service of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2022, the current state of women‘s participation in public administration and civil service are also studied. The problems of women‘s involvement in the civil service have also been systematized and solutions have been proposed. As a result of the study, a number of conclusions were reached and a number of proposals and recommendations were developed to improve gender equality in the civil service of the Republic of Uzbekistan. public administration civil service gender gender equality gender policy meritocracy Women‘s Power Index Commission on Gender Equality Committee on Women and Gender Equality TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013942/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./eygh8190 REL-A-013942 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 15-22 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013943 2026-09-28T12:04:39Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

MECHANISM OF APPEAL TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT Nurmamatova Noila This article describes the legal basis for the application of officials, citizens and legal entities to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It also provides a comparative legal analysis of the procedure by which individuals can apply to the Constitutional Court in foreign countries, including the Czech Republic, Germany and the United States, and what issues can be grounds for appealing to the Constitutional Court. The article also discusses the problems that arise in the process of appeals of citizens and legal entities to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan as well as the achievements of the new law on the appeal of the Constitutional Court, which is a constitutional right of citizens and the shortcomings and legal gaps in the development of a new law on the appeal of citizens to the Constitutional Court have been comprehensively analyzed and all the reflected problems proposals have been developed. constitutional complaint Constitutional Court collegiality actio popularis Kelzen model communal constitutional appeals municipal appeals direct access indirect access quasi actio popularis TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013943/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./rcvc5317 REL-A-013943 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 23-29 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013945 2026-09-28T12:04:45Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE CONCEPT, IMPORTANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRONIC CURRENCY Kholmirov Begali The article analyzes the legal nature of the electronic currency. It is of scientific research interest, since the main task of the state in the field of electronic payments is not only to create a legal climate, protect the participants in the settlement, increase transparency and legalization, but also create equal conditions for the development of electronic cash and virtual money. As well as, in the context of the global financial and economic crisis, the fall in public confidence in the banking system and state currencies, the ideas of creating new, alternative currency systems have become especially relevant. The most famous is an electronic currency protected by a cryptographic coding system, which is why it is called a crypto currency. A number of authors‘ publications have already discussed the features of electronic currency. Within the framework of this article, the legal foundations of the issue under study will be touched upon. For the World Bank, ministries of finance and central banks of different countries, the problem of the existence of virtual, or cryptocurrencies, is relevant. Digital (electronic) currency WebMoney Gold virtual currency traditional money electronic money fiduciary money virtual communities analogy method issuers TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013945/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./dmnp7078 REL-A-013945 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 37-43 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013946 2026-09-28T12:04:51Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF CRYPTOCURRENCY Ramazonov Muhammad ali The relevance of the research topic is related to the distribution and development of a new financial instrument, aimed at studying and developing such issues as the features of the object and subject of crimes committed in the circulation of cryptocurrency in our country and in other countries, international cooperation in the field of cryptocurrency circulation and the experience of foreign countries in this direction. These questions are important not only for understanding the relationship between the use of cryptocurrencies by transnational criminals, but also for finding measures to control and prevent such cybercrimes. It is necessary to make one more note, in this final qualification work such terms as cryptocurrency, virtual currency, digital currency and digital cash will be used interchangeably to describe cryptocurrency. In the era of globalization, the accelerated development of technology, it is impossible not to notice and feel the influence of the virtual world. This virtual world, referred to as the Internet, has simplified many life processes. In the recent past, crimes were more local and less transnational. cryptocurrency crypto asset monetary surrogate bitcoin blockchain cryptocurrency exchange taxation digital currency digital asset virtual money mining virtual assets stablecoin altcoin tokens TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013946/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./zbhf6333 REL-A-013946 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 44-50 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013947 2026-09-28T12:04:56Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

SOME ISSUES OF REGULATION OF CYBERSPORT AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN IT Mukhamatkulova Parizodabegim This article aims to consider some issues of regulation of the cybersport industry, to analyze its fragmentation and diversity, giving examples of the most popular games, the main parties involved in this industry: players, teams, organizations, leagues, publishers. The article attempts to determine the legal framework and regulation of e-sports based on international experience. The author, considering e-sports as a business, notes an unusually accelerated product life cycle, the opportunity to work on a franchise, a variety of potential business partners, as well as the prospects for investing in this industry. Thus, it is concluded that cybersport is a new phenomenon and is currently a developing area of sports. This sport has its supporters and opponents; there are those who does not classify cybersport as a sport as such. However, today e-sports is a powerful industry that is actively developing around the world, brings significant income, and shows the need for comprehensive legal regulation. cybersport e-sportsman E-Sports game business investor franchise investment industry TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013947/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./gibc9377 REL-A-013947 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 51-56 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013948 2026-09-28T12:05:05Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

TYPES OF ARBITRATION COURTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION Khakberdiev Abdumurad In the context of modernization and reform in the world, the ongoing reforms in the field of law enforcement and the judiciary is primarily aimed at the full protection of human rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. Over the past period, a wide range of organizational and legal measures have been taken to gradually strengthen the judiciary, ensure the independence of the judiciary, and reliably protect human and civil rights and freedoms. There are also problems with arbitration today. This article examines the classification of arbitration courts as one of the types of alternative dispute resolution and their types with an analysis of foreign experience. The types of arbitration courts have been studied in accordance with their classification in accordance with our national legislation, and appropriate proposals and recommendations have been made. This article addresses these issues. alternative dispute resolution arbitrability arbitral institution arbitral tribunal arbitrator arbitration classification arbitration court arbitration types law code TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013948/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./aerm3003 REL-A-013948 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 57-67 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013949 2026-09-28T12:05:13Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PROCEDURE AND BASIS FOR APPLICATION OF PROCEDURAL COERCIVE MEASURES Dаvronov Doniyorbek This article analyzes the types of coercive measures used in civil proceedings, including coercion, warning, expulsion from the courtroom, and court fines. The article also discusses the grounds, procedure and timing of the application of coercive measures, the need for coercive measures and the practical problems arising in the process of litigation, the experience of international countries in this area, as well as the application of coercive measures in society. The role and significance of coercive procedural measures in the judicial system, its application, procedure, scope, restrictions and exceptions in the using of coercive measures, including compulsory attendance, the bodies authorized to apply these measures, their rights and obligations established by the law, relations between judicial bodies and bodies authorized to implement coercive procedural measures, comparative analysis of national and foreign civil procedural legislation on applying of coercive measures in civil court proceedings, similarities and different aspects, making suggestions and recommendations on improving procedural coercive measures in civil proceedings are analyzed. coercive meаsures court fine removal from the courtroom coercion compulsory attendance warning ruling court protocol court order TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013949/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./whzg3409 REL-A-013949 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 68-77 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013950 2026-09-28T12:05:26Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

MITIGATING FACTORS AND CRIMINAL DEFENSES IN CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF THE KINGDOM OF NORWAY (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS) Islomov Bunyod This paper is dedicated to comparative analysis of the criminal legislation of Norway in framework of consideration of the mitigating factors and criminal defenses. The present research is provided overall explore of mitigation of sentence institute in accordance with the existing edition of the Penal Code of the Norway, announced on 20 of May, 2005 and fully entered into force on 1 of October, 2015 (Chapter 16 was entered into force from 7 of March, 2008) and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, enacted on 22 of September, 1994 and entered into force from 1st of April, 1995, including the issues on determining the punishment for the criminal offences committed in a state of mental disorder as well as insanity and diminished responsibility, for incomplete offences and the criminal complicity, including criminal defenses, institutions on the withdrawal (voluntary refusal) from the commission of an offence and innocent harm. Pursuant to the results of the conducted analysis, similar and different sides of existing criminal laws have been clarified, decisions on the concluded analysis and final conclusion on the implementation of Norway‘s some criminal law norms to the criminal law of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been provided. offence intent aggravating factors mental incapacity diminished responsibility self-defence factual ignorance ignorance of the law necessity attempt plea agreement youth victim youth offender minor TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013950/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./agxz5893 REL-A-013950 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 78-87 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013951 2026-09-28T12:05:33Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

QUALIFICATION OF CRIMES OF TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT Haydarov Jaloliddin The study provides, giving a detailed legal definition of the criminal structure of crimes of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, comparative and legal analysis of national and foreign legislation on liability for torture and related crimes with the usage of international conventions, qualification of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. In addition, clear and detailed proposals have been put forward to improve the legislation, in particular the Criminal Code, through the study of international experience and norms of international law. A number of recommendations have been developed for a fundamental improvement in law enforcement practice, with an analytical and legal analysis of existing shortcomings in the legal system based on the results of data on cases of torture. With this topic it is clarified the composition of crimes related to torture and other illegal treatment or punishment. The subjective and objective sides of the crime and the basis of qualification, as well as its problems on qualifying the crime are clearly defined. torture cruel treatment inhuman treatment degrading treatment illegal psychological mental physical pressure unlawful physical or other coercion suspected law enforcement officer the corpus delicti TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013951/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./jstf1453 REL-A-013951 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 88-95 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013952 2026-09-28T12:05:40Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF PROOF Uralov Sarbon This article provides descriptions of evidence and proof in criminal proceedings. At the pre-trial stage and in court, the admissibility of the evidence and the issues raised were raised. Procedures for the collection and examination of evidence are explained. The question of whether or not to admit the evidence to the court has been clarified. The subjects of evidence and their powers in conducting investigative actions are also explained. The purpose and subject of the proof are specified in a separate order with clear criteria. A comparative legal analysis of prejudicial issues in the criminal procedure law of the CIS countries, scientific proposals and recommendations on the implementation of the national legislation on the application of the institution of prejudice in criminal procedure law in the Republic of Uzbekistan and the development of the legal framework of this institution. The relevance of the topic is that in the criminal process, the institution of prejudice allows to resolve conflicts in the activities of state bodies and officials responsible for criminal proceedings, to easily resolve prejudicial situations that require a lot of money and effort. The object of research is the legal relationship arising from the application of the institution of prejudice in criminal proceedings. The subject of research is the objective laws of activity on the implementation of the institution of prejudice in law, sources of national and foreign criminal procedure legislation. Сrime evidence rights and freedoms participants in the process procedural legislation investigative activities victim witness suspect TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013952/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./gxzn3988 REL-A-013952 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 96-102 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013953 2026-09-28T12:05:46Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

CONTRIBUTIONS OF CENTRAL ASIAN SCHOLARS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES: SARAKHSI – FOUNDER-FATHER OF INTERNATIONAL LAW CONTRIBUTIONS OF CENTRAL ASIAN SCHOLARS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES: SARAKHSI – FOUNDER-FATHER OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Yunusov Khaydarali This article is dedicated to contributions of Central Asian scholars to the development of islamic sciences, including Muhammad ibn Ahmad Abu Bakr Sarakhsi‘s legacy in international law doctrine. Author gives an authoritative statement that Central Asia, namely Uzbekistan, is, apparently, the homeland of International Law thanks to works of formidable scholar Muhammad ibn Ahmad Sarakhsi, so-called as “Hugo Grotius of the Muslims”. According to him, by interpreting Arabic scholar Muhammad Shaybani‘s book “Kitab al-Siyar al-Kabir”, Sarakhsi was first to set forth the “Siyar” – “International Law” as an autonomous and legitimate discipline within the framework of law. Author firmly maintains that Sarakhsi was a leading scientific authority who was credited by all islamic scholars as being one of the greatest scholars of Islamic jurisprudence of his time. According to author‘s preliminary research results, he was one of the real founder-fathers of international law. This article is dedicated to contributions of Central Asian scholars to the development of islamic sciences, including Muhammad ibn Ahmad Abu Bakr Sarakhsi‘s legacy in international law doctrine. Author gives an authoritative statement that Central Asia, namely Uzbekistan, is, apparently, the homeland of International Law thanks to works of formidable scholar Muhammad ibn Ahmad Sarakhsi, so-called as “Hugo Grotius of the Muslims”. According to him, by interpreting Arabic scholar Muhammad Shaybani‘s book “Kitab al-Siyar al-Kabir”, Sarakhsi was first to set forth the “Siyar” – “International Law” as an autonomous and legitimate discipline within the framework of law. Author firmly maintains that Sarakhsi was a leading scientific authority who was credited by all islamic scholars as being one of the greatest scholars of Islamic jurisprudence of his time. According to author‘s preliminary research results, he was one of the real founder-fathers of international law. Islamic international law doctrine of international law treaties judicial practice diplomatic immunity and privileges the principle of reciprocity proportionality territory territorial diversity religious beliefs civilization TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013953/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./zvky7494 REL-A-013953 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 103-110 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013954 2026-09-28T12:05:57Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF PREVENTING ILLICIT TRAFFICKING IN NARCOTIC DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES AND PRECURSORS Musaev Djamaliddin The author raises the problem of international cooperation between states in the field of illegal circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. References are given to the main, signed in different years, conventions concerning this problem. The general principles of combating crime developed by the United Nations are considered. The historical experience of combating crime is analyzed. It is noted that the UN congresses on the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders play a special role in preventing and combating transnational organized crime. Analyzed the main international normative legal acts in this area. The mechanisms of adoption and the forms of practical application of these conventions are disclosed, as well as an analysis of the situation in the world with regard to drug trafficking, options for resolving the problem by strengthening the international system of control over drug trafficking are proposed. The article also highlights the current state of international legal cooperation between states in countering the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The characteristic features of the approach to overcoming the current situation in the field of drug use, the use of various methods of countering this negative phenomenon in the process of suppressing illegal actions are analyzed. The necessity of joint use of methods of combating the global problem of all mankind has been identified and substantiated. United Nations transnational crime illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs psychotropic substances and precursors directions of international cooperation control measures TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013954/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./kxwq3207 REL-A-013954 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 111-20 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013955 2026-09-28T12:06:02Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE ESSENCE OF PARALLEL IMPORT AND PROBLEMS OF ITS REGULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN Almosova Shahnoza This article discusses the definitions of various scholars given to the concept of parallel import, phenomenon‘s ever-increasing actuality and economic significance, as well as the issues of its legal regulation by states. The importance of exhaustion regime of intellectual property rights, its reflection in international agreements and the role in WTO system and international trade at large are mentioned. The problems associated with legislation coverage of this concept in our national civil and customs law are discussed and the procedure for parallel imports and exhaustion in the Republic of Uzbekistan are reviewed in the case of courts. Furthermore, this paper articulates that economic analysis of parallel imports and their effects is of high importance when adopting Article 6 of TRIPS Agreement. The relationship between parallel imports and access to pharmaceuticals is analyzed and the author made a judgment on what factors should be considered by governments on complying national legislation with international norms that permit parallel trade of IP objects. parallel import exhaustion gray market TRIPS Agreement price discrimination free movement of goods “first sale doctrine” legal protection of intellectual property objects customs control TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013955/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./yisw7557 REL-A-013955 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 121-126 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013956 2026-09-28T12:06:08Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PROBLEMS OF REFORMING THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND IMPROVING ITS EFFECTIVENESS Aliev Usmon The most important legal result of the World War II was the Charter of the United Nations (UN) – a universal international treaty, aimed at saving future generations from the disasters of a new world war by creating the UN Security Council, which was entrusted with the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. However, during the entire period of its activity, the UN Security Council was often paralyzed and could not significantly influence the world situation.The article discusses possible models for improving the activities of the body, the expansion of its membership, the problems of working methods, including the use of the veto, and also analyzes the positions of the Member states of the Organization on the reform of the UN Security Council. In conclusion, the need for reforms of the Security Council system to ensure peace and cooperation of the States of the world community is emphasized. United Nations (UN) Security Council reform permanent members non-permanent members veto terrorism instruments for implementing TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013956/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./shmy2606 REL-A-013956 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 127-133 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013957 2026-09-28T12:06:12Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION OF THE PROSECUTORS BODIES AGAINST CORRUPTION Valijonov Daler The article focuses on the issues of international cooperation of the Prosecutors‘ Office on provision of legal assistance in criminal matters, such as corruption. Besides that, the article is dedicated to the matters concerning the cooperation Prosecutors‘ Office in terms of fighting against crime within the regional scope of international organizations. The author of this scientific article revealed the essence and main directions of international cooperation of the Prosecutors‘ Office of the Republic of Uzbekistan to combat transnational crime and corruption in the context of digital globalization and the integration of the world community.Moreover, the relevance of the research topic is because the commission of such crimes is characterized by the use of modern technical means and high-tech facilities of air and land transport, a high transcontinental level of organization and real support of many, including illegal, financial sources. The predicted result of such activities was a significant increase in the number of serious crimes of a transnational nature. international cooperation legal assistance criminal prosecution extradition regional organizations digital globalization digital integration convention corruption TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013957/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.1./npty4478 REL-A-013957 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 1; 134-139 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013958 2026-09-28T12:06:17Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

ANTI-CORRUPTION IS THE DEMAND OF THE PRESENT TIME! Abzalova Xurshida Ruziyev Bekhruz Gafurov Ulugbek This article examines the global nature of anti-corruption, since corruption is one of the negative phenomena of society, which is recognized as a serious crime in the world, and is also an obstacle to the socio-economic development of any country. The legislation and the situation with corruption in some foreign countries are considered as a comparative legal analysis. corruption law crime bribe official court punishment determinant TSUL 2021-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013958/ REL-A-013958 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 2; No. 2; 6-10 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013959 2026-09-28T12:06:24Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL ASIA IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION Akhmedshaeva Mavluda The article analyzes and compares the legal developments of the countries of Central Asia in the context of digitalization of all aspects of public life, including the legal sphere. There is a commonality in the legal development, due to the commonality of their historical development, religion, culture, customs, mentality of these countries. Also, the region in which they are located is the basis for uniting them into a separate group.The author tried to analyze the common features of the legal systems of these countries, as well as those features that are inherent in the legal development of individual countries of this region. It is noted that the judicial system of these countries is developing along the same vector towards the creation of a truly independent judicial system, which does not exclude the presence of certain aspects in development, in particular the institution of jury trial in Kazakhstan, attempts to create such in Kyrgyzstan, etc. or those common and distinctive features that took place in the systems of sources of law in these countries regarding the status of decisions of the Supreme Courts. The article also notes those trends in the legal development of these countries, such as the influence of English law and its application in the field of international cooperation, more precisely in the field of business and commerce. Central Asia region legal development generality in legal development system of law legal system sources of law judicial system jury trial status of decisions of higher courts English law influence of English law TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013959/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./qwor2681 REL-A-013959 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 7-16 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013960 2026-09-28T12:06:28Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE CONCEPT OF PROVIDING RULE-MAKING PROCESS WITH INFORMATION Sodikov Akmal This article analyzes the concept, essence and charactristics of providing rule-making process with information. Along with encyclopedic materials of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the approaches and opinions of scientists have been discussed. As part of the study, the normative legal acts of the Repubic of Uzbekistan have been analyzed in detail. Author‘s definitions for the relevant notions have been developed which means that the writer achieved the purpose of this scientific research. In fact, in addition to legal research, the author developed scientifically proved definitions of several legal terms such as “information”, “information used in the rule-making process” and “providing rule-making process with information”. The issue of developing requirements for information in national legislation will be discussed by studying the scientific views on the information applied in rule-making process and the concept of providing rule-making process with information. It also examines the relevance of all types of information, regardless of the form, type, and stage of rule-making process and the importance of normative legal acts in determining viability, sustainability, and regulatory impact. It is recognized that information supply in the rule-making process and the mechanism of regulation of certain social relations affects the rational and effective perception of the normative legal acts by the general public. information rule-making providing rule-making process with information information used in rule-making process information supply information quality TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013960/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./qhlb1780 REL-A-013960 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 17-25 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013961 2026-09-28T12:06:31Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING (IPO) IN UZBEKISTAN: THEORY, PRACTICE AND LEGAL REGULATION Batirova Kamolakhon The article is aimed at disclosing of the legal nature of Initial public offering as a mechanism for attracting additional funds from joint-stock companies in Uzbekistan. The analyze of this mechanism is based on legal documents, regulating this process and practice in Uzbekistan, theoretical basics and foreign scientists‘ attitudes, then the experience of Initial public Offering of such foreign companies as FixPrice and Facebook. Additionally, the article examines in detail the advantages and disadvantages of companies entering the stock exchange and selling their shares to the public through an IPO. Based on the results of the analysis of national legislation and the practice of foreign companies on the Initial Public Offering, we compared the Initial and Secondary public offerings, their legal nature and distinctive features from each other. Also, we found out that the definitions of the concepts of IPO and SPO established by the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan are incorrect and therefore they do not coincide with the practice of IPO and SPO of national companies and foreign experience. initial public offering secondary public offering public company stock exchange securities placement new issue of shares diversification shares investment portfolio TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013961/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./jvnm2536 REL-A-013961 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 26-32 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013962 2026-09-28T12:06:35Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF NATIONALITY AND PERSONAL LAW TO THE LEGAL ENTITY Abdukodirov Abdurauf This article examines the areas of application of the nationality and personal law of a legal entity, which plays an important role in the relations of a legal entity in a foreign state and with foreign legal entities, ie public and private international legal relations. In this case, tax, investment and diplomatic protection are discussed separately as the main areas of focus on the nationality of the legal entity. It has also been proved based on the legislation of foreign countries, judicial practice, bilateral and multilateral international agreements, scientific doctrine on the application of the nationality and personal law of a legal entity in various fields are that nationality and personal law of a legal entity are separate concepts. More precisely, it was concluded that the nationality of a legal entity should be applied in public legal relations, and personal law in private international legal relations. nationality personal law resident tax investment diplomatic protection scope of nationality scope of personal law code dispute TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013962/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./ccbr7603 REL-A-013962 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 33-40 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013963 2026-09-28T12:06:40Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PROBLEMS WITH REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF PENALTY (NEUSTOYKA) BY THE COURT Omonov Anvarjon Badriddinov Boburkhon Ensuring the fulfillment of contractual obligations is now of paramount importance. Therefore, it is more important than ever to do research on this issue. This article discusses ways to secure an obligation. in particular, the concept of neustoyka, in which the views of scientists are presented. forms of penalty (neustoyka) and its legal nature are discussed. It also considers the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of reducing the amount of fines, which is currently the subject of heated debate in the Republic of Uzbekistan (Article 326 of Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan), gives examples from court practice and compares with foreign experience. Reducing the amount of penalty (neustoyka) by the courts suggests the prevention of possible corruption cases and a reasonable solution to the problem. including proposals for the revision of Article 326 of Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which shall be stated by reasoned opinions. Moreover, aspects that can be drawn from foreign experience are discussed. methods of enforcement penalty (neustoyka) fines “Pacta sunt servanda” reduction of penalty TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013963/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./pptu6102 REL-A-013963 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 41-48 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013965 2026-09-28T12:06:45Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

IMPROVEMENT OF THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ON THE LIBERALIZATION OF THE FOREIGN TRADE REGIME FOR ACCESSION TO THE WTO Saidmusayev Jasurbek The article describes the features of the process of improving the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the liberalization of the foreign trade regime for accession to the WTO, its general characteristic, which is the most popular institution for dispute resolution, the economic interdependence of states due to the rapid expansion of mutual flows of goods and capital, the growing exchange of services and technologies has turned the world economy into a more or less integral economic system, the link in which international trade in goods and services and the movement of capital. In this article, the steps to be taken in the process of joining the WTO, as well as their legal basis, as well as the process of integration between several international organizations and countries, are analyzed. What kind of organization is the World Trade Organization, the legal order of membership of the organization, the system of legal norms in the management of international trade by the organization, the advantages and disadvantages of the organization for states, as well as the fact that Uzbekistan is a member of this organization are studied. The steps to be taken in the process of joining the WTO, as well as their legal basis, are also analyzed and the integration process taking place between several international organizations and countries. Uzbekistan regulation liberalization oral or written instructions notification WTO foreign trade regime TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013965/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./kfqn4127 REL-A-013965 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 55-61 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013966 2026-09-28T12:06:48Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

APPROACHES TO THE REFORM OF RECIPROCAL INFLUENCE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE MAIN BODIES OF THE UN Aliev Usmon The UN is the most universal system regulating modern international relations, the supreme holder and guardian of modern international law and as such enjoys the highest moral authority. During its existence, the United Nations has shown both strengths and weaknesses. In the first four decades, the UN really sought to function as an international institution of peace and security, but in the last 30 years its achievements have been insignificant; the negative prevails over the positive, and in some cases the UN simply looked helplessly at violations of international law by its members.The article discusses modern and relevant approaches to reforming the relationship and reciprocal influence of the main UN bodies. Furthermore, the author analyzes the positions of experts and politicians – members of the UN, reflected in their interviews and public speeches of recent years. At the same time, based on significant differences of opinion in the international arena on the reform of the UN Security Council, specific approaches are proposed for the revitalization of the UN. UN the main bodies of the UN the UN Charter The General Assembly The Security Council international organizations reform international peace and security globalization veto TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013966/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./exxz3687 REL-A-013966 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 62-68 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013967 2026-09-28T12:06:51Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY Abduqodirov Axrorbek This article describes the concept of corruption and its content, various scientific and theoretical views on corruption, as well as the possible causes and consequences of corruption. They also discussed in detail the large-scale legal reforms aimed at preventing corruption in the country, state anti-corruption programs and mechanisms for their implementation, as well as best practices in combating corruption in developed countries. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of building immunity in the fight against corruption in the life of society in the Republic of Uzbekistan, and makes recommendations for the prevention of corruption based on the analysis of reforms and government programs in this area. Corruption crime shadow economy government program monetary power authorities fight corruption human factor TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013967/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./ktrq1451 REL-A-013967 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 69-74 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013968 2026-09-28T12:06:54Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

WHO BENEFITS FROM CORRUPTION IN THE JUDICIARY? Odilova Sitora This article stipulates that before making a decision that is an act of the judicial system protecting the violated rights, freedoms and interests, it is necessary to determine the actual circumstances of the civil case, as well as the qualification of these cases, ie to establish clear correspondence between the circumstances of the case. Before concluding on the existence of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, the court must determine whether these legal norms are the existence of certain facts linking these rights, freedoms or legitimate interests, the evidence in civil proceedings, their admissibility, the need to prove them, The importance of the necessary reforms, the study of the legal nature of the assessment of evidence in the civil procedure legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, to identify existing problems and offer them legal solutions, following foreign experience, to solve this problem. issues of regulation and national legal regulation, the role and specific features of this area in the development of our national legislation, as well as the basics of legal regulation aimed at preventing potential risks in this area. rights freedoms protection judicial system act decision civil case to prove evidence in civil proceedings TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013968/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./kaer7437 REL-A-013968 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 2; 75-81 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013969 2026-09-28T12:07:03Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

ADVERTISING LAW ENFORCEMENT: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES AND COMPLIANCE PROGRAM Khodjaev Bakhshillo The procedure concerning misleading advertisingis started directly by the application of a consumerwho is actually misled by particular advertising.Apart from the consumer application, the proceedingcan be initiated as the result of the administrativemonitoring of the advertising law enforcement.However, the most frequent and effective wayto find a deceptive fact in advertising is throughconsumer application because consumers are ableto recognize deception in its infancy. Eventually,the practice of Advertising law in Uzbekistanstill suffers from a lack of voluntary complianceprograms, which makes co-regulation very weakand enforcement inefficient. advertising law enforcement compliance procedures misleading advertising advisory opinion industry guides cease and desist order corrective advertising enforcement authority FTC (Federal Trade Commission of the USA) FAS (Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation) TSUL 2022-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013969/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.3./lvva8811 REL-A-013969 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 3; No. 3; 7-15 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013970 2026-09-28T12:07:08Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

MODERN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: ISSUES OF IMPROVING THE DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC BODIES AND SERVANTS Makhmudov Firuz This article focuses on modern state management and administrative reforms implemented in this field, improvement of public service, development of requirements for modern civil servants. This topic is analyzed on the basis of ongoing legal reforms and legal documents.On the basis of scientific and legal sources, modern state administration, the main functions of civil servants and the mechanisms of their implementation have been scientifically and theoretically researched.Opinions were expressed on the implementation of a unified personnel policy, rules on the elimination of corruption and conflicts of interest in the activities of civil servants, as well as the implementation of digital technologies, meritocracy, and career models in the civil service.Proposals and recommendations have been developed for the improvement of public service. modern public administration public service development strategy of the new Uzbekistan meritocracy career models conflict of interests unified personnel policy smart management system mobile control restrictions TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013970/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.1./qkma5313 REL-A-013970 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 1; 7-14 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013971 2026-09-28T12:07:10Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

Dispute resolution in the field of intellectual property law in Uzbekistan Yuldashov Abdumumin This article discusses ongoing reforms in the field of intellectual property protection in Uzbekistan. In particular, the issues of administrative responsibility for violation of intellectual property rights, the process of judicial protection are covered. Opinions were also expressed on the procedure for resolving disputes in the field of intellectual property by administrative, civil and criminal courts. At the same time, based on the types of intellectual property objects (industrial property objects, means of individualization, copyright), the features of resolving conflict situations related to them are revealed. Based on the results of the article, the author concluded that it is necessary to specialize courts in resolving disputes in the field of intellectual property, expand the mechanisms of alternative ways of resolving disputes in the field of intellectual property, and improve the system of enforcement of judgments on intellectual property. intellectual property patent law case practice civil circulation counterfeit products dispute TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013971/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.1./dbip4357 REL-A-013971 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 1; 15-20 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013972 2026-09-28T12:07:14Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION AGAINST CORRUPTION Valijonov Daler The article deals with the issues of international cooperation in providing legal assistance in the fight against corruption. In addition, this article is devoted to the interaction of law enforcement agencies in the fight against corruption within the framework of regional international organizations.Moreover, within the framework of this scientific study, proposals were analyzed to improve the system of providing legal assistance in the field of combating corruption.The author‘s comparative analysis of international conventions, declarations and legislation of foreign countries served as a reflection of the specifics of this article. Moreover, the relevance of the research topic is because the commission of such crimes is characterized by the use of modern technical means and high-tech facilities of air and land transport, a high transcontinental level of organization and real support from many, including illegal, financial sources. The predicted result of such activities was a significant increase in the number of serious crimes of a transnational nature. The lack of proper legal cooperation between states leads to the emergence and spread of a dangerous practice, when criminals, committing a crime in one state, illegally cross the borders of another to avoid the administration of justice and prosecution. The problem of disclosure, investigation, and prevention of such crimes in the framework of international cooperation in criminal matters is the most relevant today. international cooperation legal assistance criminal prosecution extradition regional organizations corruption TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013972/ REL-A-013972 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 1; 21-29 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013973 2026-09-28T12:07:16Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

Legal basis of cooperation of mass media and self-government bodies of citizens in implementation of public control Jakhanov Shakhrukh The article analyzes the legal basis of cooperation between mass media and citizens‘ self-government bodies in the implementation of public control. In the developed countries of the world, effective cooperation between civil society institutions and the state is very relevant as a form of cooperation that solves social and economic problems. In this regard, the effectiveness of the state power apparatus, formed with the help of democratic procedures, is related to the presence of public control over the activities of state bodies, which is carried out by civil society institutions. Today, public control is considered not as a means of pressure on the authorities but as a method of harmonious communication between civil society and the state and is one of the main factors that serve to eliminate social tension in society self-government bodies of citizens public control neighborhood neighborhood control democracy TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013973/ REL-A-013973 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 2; 7-10 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013974 2026-09-28T12:08:13Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

MITIGATION OF PUNISHMENT AND CRIMINAL DEFENSES IN CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF CANADA AND REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS) Islomov Bunyod The existing paper provides a comparative analysis of the criminal legislation of Canada and Uzbekistan in terms of consideration of the mitigation of punishment and criminal defenses. In detail, the present research provides an overall overview of the mitigation of sentence institute in accordance with the existing editions of the Criminal Code of Canada and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, including the issues of determining the punishment for the criminal offences committed in a state of mental disorder, as well as insanity and diminished responsibility for incomplete offences and criminal complicity, including criminal defenses, institutions on the withdrawal (voluntary refusal) from the commission of an offence and innocent harm, etc. Pursuant to the results of the conducted analysis, similar and different sides of current criminal laws have been clarified. Decisions on the performed analysis and a final conclusion on the implementation of Canada‘s some criminal law norms to the criminal law of the Republic of Uzbekistan have been provided. offence sentencing mitigating circumstances aggravating circumstances mental disorder diminished responsibility necessity attempt joint offenders accessory provocation plea child youth minor probation parole pardon amnesty TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013974/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.2./rsrx6136 REL-A-013974 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 2; 11-33 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013975 2026-09-28T12:08:14Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE ROLE OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION IN ENSURING HUMAN RIGHTS Aslonov Navruzbek This article provides a brief analysis of legislation on the role of obtaining information in ensuring human rights. The constitutional right to information is one of the basic rights of a person, and at the same time, it works as an external expression of freedom of opinion and freedom of speech, as well as their guarantee. The right to receive information, naturally, based on the characteristics of the information society, occupies a leading position in the state management mechanism. This is a special guarantee of the implementation of the principles of democracy, people‘s sovereignty, and citizens‘ participation in political life. Constitution information human rights democracy sovereignty legislation freedom of speech TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013975/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.2./kxjw1623 REL-A-013975 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 2; 34-37 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013976 2026-09-28T12:08:18Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF E-JUSTICE IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN Pulatova Nodirakhon In the context of the subject of our article, we find it necessary to clarify the meaning of certain terms related to the use of ICT in the sphere of jurisprudence. Thus, it is essential to differentiate between the terms “electronic judicial process,” “digital court proceedings,” “judicial digitalization,” and “digital justice.” The term “judicial digitalization” refers to the provision of courts with computer resources and technologies that enable information processing. However, it does not fully elucidate the essence and procedure of conducting procedural actions in electronic form. judicial digitalization digital judicial proceedings electronic judicial process e-justice digital justice smart courts e-document exchange TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013976/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.3./hqme3285 REL-A-013976 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 3; 7-13 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013977 2026-09-28T12:08:28Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

INSOLVENCY LAW IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN: HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Hudaybergenov Behzod This article studied and analyzed the history of insolvency law of Uzbekistan, issues of protection of the entrepreneurs‘ rights, restoring solvency of the debtor, and satisfaction of creditors‘ claims with the use of insolvency procedures in accordance with the bankruptcy law of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In addition, when determining the signs of insolvency, it was analyzed that monetary obligations and debts on mandatory payments should be taken into account, and claims arising from labor relations should not be grounds for initiating bankruptcy proceedings. Particular attention was paid to the objectives of the credit policy when establishing insolvency regimes, based on two goals - fair distribution of risks and maximizing the value of the debtor‘s assets. The models of insolvency regulation are analyzed using the example of the countries of Europe and the USA; their experience is compared with the practice of Uzbekistan. In particular, it has been established that rehabilitation norms appeared in US legislation and were subsequently used as a model in European countries, and the legislation of many countries is currently improving its legislation on the rehabilitation of the debtor. Analytical conclusions, ideas, and recommendations were also developed on the need to develop the concept of insolvency in Uzbekistan and the priorities that should be reflected in it. bankruptcy rehabilitation debtor creditor liquidation TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013977/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.3./belf1086 REL-A-013977 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 3; 14-25 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013978 2026-09-28T12:08:32Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PECULIAR FEATURES OF EVIDENCE AT THE TERMINATION OF A CRIMINAL CASE Makhmudov Sunnatjon This article analyzes the importance of proof and its features at the stage of termination of a criminal case based on the norms of criminal and criminal procedure legislation at the implementation stage of judicial reform. The article studies this institution‘s scope through the views scientists expressed on proving when closing a criminal case. Based on the views and ideas put forward by scientists, the issue of proof in the termination of a criminal case is analyzed through scientific, theoretical, practical, and legal norms.The article analyzes the grounds for terminating a criminal case through a comparative analysis of the opinions of scientists on the issue of proving when terminating a criminal case. Based on the analysis results, conclusions, proposals, and recommendations aimed at improving the evidence in the termination of a criminal case have been developed. guilty termination of a criminal case rehabilitation termination of a criminal case on non-rehabilitation grounds term of bringing to responsibility suspect accused defendant victim victim statement TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013978/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.3./mrtg2632 REL-A-013978 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 3; 26-32 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013979 2026-09-28T12:08:38Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

LEGISLATIVE STRATEGIES IN COMBATTING CORRUPTION ACROSS CENTRAL ASIAN NATIONS Norov Ilkhom This article provides a focused analysis of legislative strategies employed in the ongoing battle against corruption across Central Asian nations: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Recognizing corruption as a pervasive impediment to development and governance in the region, the study systematically examines the effectiveness of diverse legislative frameworks and institutional mechanisms adopted by these nations. Through a comparative lens, we assess the successes and shortcomings of anti-corruption legislation, shedding light on the evolution of governance structures and the resulting impact on transparency and accountability. Special attention is devoted to judicial reforms and civil society engagement in shaping the legislative landscape. The article also investigates the efficacy of international collaborations and regional initiatives in fortifying anti-corruption endeavors within Central Asia. By charting the nuanced trajectories of legislative responses, this research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between legal frameworks and anti-corruption outcomes. The insights derived from this analysis are instrumental for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners working towards refining anti-corruption strategies in analogous contexts. As Central Asian nations grapple with the persistent challenge of corruption, this study provides a timely examination of legislative strategies that can inform evidence-based policy interventions, fostering a more resilient and accountable governance framework in the region. corruption Central Asia legislation anti-corruption strategies governance TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013979/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.3./loiw2174 REL-A-013979 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 3; 33-41 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013980 2026-09-28T12:08:48Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND BEST PRACTICE OF SOME FOREIGN COUNTRIES ON THE WORKING CONDITIONS CREATED FOR CIVIL SERVANTS AND EMPLOYEES Ibragimova Mukhlisa This research, integral to the examination of foreign countries‘ best practices in civil service reform and the enhancement of social guarantees for civil servants within our nation, employs a comprehensive set of research methods. The study aims to glean insights from the transformative experiences of countries undergoing radical public administration reform. Methodologically, a comparative analysis is employed to assess the strategies and policies in the field of public service. The research focuses on nations like Georgia, Estonia, Poland, Croatia, Vietnam, and Singapore, utilizing case studies and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. The conclusions drawn from this research shed light on the effectiveness of various reform measures and their implications for civil service enhancement. The findings advocate for the adaptation of successful practices observed in the aforementioned countries. Moreover, the research suggests specific legislative adjustments to align our civil service framework with international best practices. The proposed legislative modifications aim to foster a more responsive, accountable, and efficient civil service, ultimately contributing to the overall development and well-being of our society. civil service reform social guarantees comparative analysis public administration international experience legislative adjustments responsive governance TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013980/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.4./prgf6286 REL-A-013980 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 4; 7-19 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013982 2026-09-28T12:08:52Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

Judicial verdict in the Romano-German legal system: analysis of procedural aspects Alishaev Sobir This scientific article analyzes the procedural aspects of a court sentence within the framework of the Romano-Germanic legal system. The structure of the court sentence, its role in law enforcement, as well as its impact on judicial practice and society as a whole are considered. A comparative analysis of court sentences in the Romano-Germanic and general legal systems also highlights the features of this system. Judicial verdict Romano-Germanic legal system procedural aspects structure of the judicial verdict precedents judicial practice judicial proceedings justice trials TSUL 2023-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013982/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.4.4./aaty5085 REL-A-013982 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 4; No. 4; 30-37 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013983 2026-09-28T12:08:57Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

Doctrinal views on understanding the legal nature of conflict of interest Makhmudov Firuz In this article, the doctrinal views on understanding the legal nature of the conflict of interests in the activities of state civil servants are analyzed based on the scientific opinions and views of national and foreign scientists. In the article, the field of public civil service was selected as the main fundamental basis, and the cases related to the conflict of interests in it were discussed. At the same time, the international and national documents describing the conflict of interests were analyzed, and the problems in the system were discussed on the basis of a scientific discussion. In the research work, each case is analyzed from a scientific point of view using methods such as logic, systematicity, comparison, induction, and deduction. At the end of the research, the issues of preventing conflicts of interest in the state civil service were substantiated from a scientific and theoretical point of view, and suggestions and recommendations were developed regarding the improvement of the activity. Moreover, it was concluded that the conflict of interests as a form of corruption is a socio-legal problem that seriously damages the state administration and the rights and interests of citizens. As a general conclusion, a conflict of interest is recognized as a conflict that occurs between the powers of a civil servant and his personal interests. The author‘s personal position regarding the object of research is stated, and the definition of authorship is developed regarding the topic. public civil service fight against corruption conflict of interest personal interest corruption code of conduct TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013983/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.5.1./synt9140 REL-A-013983 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 1; 7-15 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013984 2026-09-28T12:09:02Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

TOURISM SERVICES‘ REGULATION IN THE PROCESS OF UZBEKISTAN‘S ACCESSING THE WTO: LEGAL AND PRACTICAL ANALYSES Usmanova Surayyo Today, the World Trade Organization is the main foundation of all economic activity in globalized states. The membership of the Republic of Uzbekistan in this organization will create the responsibility for a comprehensive analysis of the issues of its membership in the future, which will play an important role in the further integration of the country into the world community. The General Agreement on Trade in Services, as an integral treaty of this system, is considered to be one of the important agreements. The research paper emphasizes the legal and practical aspects of the regulation of tourism services in the framework of the GATS during this accession process. Moreover, recommendations based on international-legal norms on the WTO, scientific sources, and the results of in-depth interviews with foreign and national professionals, as well as academicians, which should be implemented in the conditions of Uzbekistan‘s joining the organization have been proposed. development General Agreement on Trade in Services legal regulation tourism tourism services Uzbekistan the World Trade Organization TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013984/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.5.1./zfyz8447 REL-A-013984 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 1; 16-24 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013985 2026-09-28T12:09:14Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

DE-IDENTIFICATION AND ANONYMIZATION: LEGAL AND TECHNICAL APPROACHES Mamanazarov Sardor This study analyzes legal and technical approaches to data de-identification and anonymization, motivated by the need to develop balanced standards that preserve privacy without stifling beneficial data uses. Doctrinal and technical literature review methods examine provisions in major data protection laws worldwide, including the EU‘s GDPR, US HIPAA, and emerging frameworks in China, India, and Uzbekistan, alongside mathematical models like differential privacy and k-anonymity. The legal analysis reveals common themes like flexible research exemptions for anonymized data and calibrating standards based on sensitivity, but also gaps such as ambiguities around pseudonymization. The technical review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of encryption, perturbation, generalization, and federation techniques, emphasizing the need to complement mathematical methods with governance controls. Key findings include the importance of allowing contextual optimization, providing detailed regulatory guidance, and addressing re-identification incentives. Recommendations are provided for advancing Uzbekistan‘s data protection laws and practices based on international experiences, such as enabling public oversight, conducting localized impact assessments, and promoting privacy-enhancing technologies. The study concludes that to anonymize data in a way that enables research while also protecting people‘s rights, we need a comprehensive approach that includes laws, organizational rules, technical safeguards, ethical decision-making, and public input. All of these parts working together is important for successful data anonymization. data protection anonymization de-identification personal data law data confidentiality differential privacy re-identification TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013985/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.5.1./tcyn1311 REL-A-013985 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 1; 25-37 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013986 2026-09-28T12:09:35Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN “ON PAYMENTS AND PAYMENT SYSTEM” AllahRakha Naeem This paper examines Uzbekistan‘s legislation governing payments and payment systems, Law No. LRU-578, enacted on November 1, 2019. It provides background on the law‘s objectives of regulating relationships around payment services among individuals and entities. The aim is to assess key provisions concerning system operators, participant roles, licensing, risk management, settlement finality, electronic money, security protocols, and Central Bank oversight. Methodologically, the law‘s text is reviewed to summarize directives and elucidate concepts. Results detail defined terms, system categorization, operator functions, settlement irrevocability, licensing procedures, electronic currency parameters, risk mitigation, incident reporting, and non-compliance penalties. While underscoring integrity, efficiency, and oversight of payment systems, certain technology-based transactions are excluded. Recommendations include ensuring comprehensive coverage in line with global frameworks, emphasizing consumer protection, and addressing emerging electronic platforms. As digital payments growth accelerates globally, analysis of Uzbekistan‘s updated legal basis and directions for further strengthening are pertinent. payment system consumer protection Central Bank of Uzbekistan financial regulation electronic platforms licensing TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013986/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.5.1./wajr6426 REL-A-013986 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 1; 38-55 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013987 2026-09-28T12:09:51Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

CLASSIFICATION AND LEGAL NATURE OF TAX AUDITS IN UZBEKISTAN Normatov Bekzod The author separately analyzed the classification of tax audits and types of tax audits. The purpose of this study is to develop, as a result of the study, proposals and conclusions aimed at clarifying the types of tax audits characteristic of the legal nature of the research being carried out. A tax audit is the main legal instrument of tax authorities and must have specific forms and types as an effective means of influencing taxpayers. Otherwise, the number of cases of illegal audits by tax authorities and violations of the rights and interests of taxpayers will increase. Therefore, it is important to clearly define in the Tax Code the legal basis for the classification of tax audits and the scope of powers of each type. Types of tax audits are based on the effectiveness of methods and means of illuminating the object of taxation, and ensuring discipline of state budget revenues without causing harm to taxpayers is the main issue. These issues are studied through a comparative analysis of the legislation of domestic and foreign countries, using historical, legal, systemic, logical, statistical, and other methods. National legislation has developed proposals for the classification, types, and scope of activities that can be carried out during a tax audit. These proposals are used in scientific activity, lawmaking, law enforcement, interpretation of tax legislation, and improvement of national legislation. There are two types of tax audits of a legal nature: desk and on-site audit methods. classification of tax audits tax audits taxes desk tax audit on-site tax audit tax audit tax measures tax authorities TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013987/ REL-A-013987 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 2; 4-19 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013988 2026-09-28T12:10:14Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

SOME ISSUES OF IMPROVING ORGANIZATIONAL-LEGAL BASES OF BANKING LEGISLATION IN UZBEKISTAN Mustanov Ilkhom In this article, the author analyzed the categories related to the banking system as part of the financial system. The purpose of this study is to develop proposals and conclusions aimed at improving the performance of the bank as a result of the study. Banks are active participants in the financial market and business entities. Proper implementation of banking activities leads to the development of production and entrepreneurship. Banks provide banking services to individuals and legal entities and ensure the circulation of their funds through the bank. Banks, in turn, are financial agents that determine the volume of working capital, determine the tax base for paying taxes, and provide a non-cash payment system. Therefore, it is important to carry out state registration of the activities of banks and ensure the legality of their activities. By studying these issues through a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign legislation, historical, legal, systemic, logical, statistical, and other methods, the concepts of banking and banking activities in national legislation and proposals for banking legislation have been developed. These proposals are used in scientific activities, lawmaking, law enforcement, the interpretation of banking legislation, and the improvement of national legislation. Banks carry out banking operations and banking services of a legal nature. Banking is concerned with finance and banking activities, while banking services are manifested in organizational activities. banking activities banking law banking operations commercial banking central bank banking license bank charter TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013988/ REL-A-013988 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 2; 20-36 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013989 2026-09-28T12:10:19Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

Regulating Foreign Investment in a Diversifying Asia: A Comparative Analysis Rakhmonov Jaloliddin Foreign direct investment (FDI) has played a pivotal role in Asia‘s remarkable economic growth and transformation over the past few decades. However, the region‘s growing diversity in terms of economic development, political systems, and cultural values has also raised concerns about the potential negative impacts of FDI, such as environmental degradation, labor exploitation, and erosion of cultural identity. In response to these concerns, many Asian governments have implemented various regulatory measures to manage FDI flows and safeguard their national interests. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of FDI regulatory frameworks in a diverse sample of Asian countries, including India. The analysis examines the key objectives, instruments, and effectiveness of these regulatory frameworks in promoting sustainable and inclusive development. It also identifies common challenges and emerging trends in FDI regulation across the region. The findings of the study reveal a wide range of approaches to FDI regulation in Asia, reflecting the specific contexts and development priorities of each country. While some countries have adopted more liberal and open investment policies, others have maintained stricter controls to protect strategic sectors and promote domestic industries. The effectiveness of these regulatory frameworks has also varied, with some countries experiencing significant benefits from FDI while others have faced challenges in managing its potential negative impacts. foreign direct investment (FDI) regulation sustainable development inclusive development economic growth environmental impact labor rights TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013989/ REL-A-013989 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 2; 37-44 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013990 2026-09-28T12:10:27Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF CONSENT TO BE BOUND BY A TREATY IN THE DOCTRINE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Safarov Jamshid At the present stage of the evolution of statehood, international treaties form the legal basis of interstate relations and are a means of maintaining universal peace and security and developing international cooperation in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. Therefore, treaties occupy a very important place in international law, and along with the concept of a treaty, the doctrine of international law should define general concepts and principles of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty. For example, it is possible to conclude international treaties between states and/or international organizations in various forms, including “ratification,” “act of formal approval,” “acceptance,” “confirmation,” “succession,” and “accession.” However, there is no single international instrument expressing the rules of consent to be bound by a treaty. In particular, the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties does not clarify the concept of “succession” along with “formal ratification.” Moreover, the 1896 Convention has not yet entered into force. Thus, this article assesses possible solutions to unify and express the concepts and norms of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty in the doctrine of international law. contracts international law law of international contracts ratification acceptance approval succession accession act of formal approval signing full authority TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013990/ REL-A-013990 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 2; 45-53 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013991 2026-09-28T12:10:47Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL FUNCTION Asadov Eldorjon In this article, the author analyzed the functions of state financial control and the categories related to state financial activities. The purpose of this study is to develop proposals and conclusions aimed at improving the functions of state financial control and state financial activities as a result of the study. The function of state financial control is the main activity arising from the tasks of state financing. The financial activity of the state plays an important role in these processes. In order to finance the state, it is necessary to systematically and purposefully carry out state financial control, which, in turn, leads to an open and transparent formation of the state budget. The existence of the state is linked to the extent to which its activities are funded. For example, all state revenues should be reflected in the State Budget and special funds. Tax and non-tax payments levied on the state‘s income should be reflected in these funds. In these processes, state financial control is manifested; in particular, control over the processes of accumulation, distribution, redistribution, and use of funds is financial control at the state level. While the financial activity of the state means its participation in financial relations in the life of the state and society, state financial control means ensuring the function of state control over these cumulative financial relations aimed at ensuring discipline and legality. Through a comparative analysis of the legislation of national and foreign states, historical and legal, systemic, logical, statistical, and other methods, the concepts of the function of state financial control and state financial activity and proposals for it were developed. These proposals are used in scientific activities, lawmaking, law enforcement practice, interpretation, and improvement of national legislation. State financial control the function of state financial control the system of state financial control state budget state financial activity TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013991/ REL-A-013991 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 3; 4-19 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013992 2026-09-28T12:10:55Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING MASS MEDIA AND INFORMATION RIGHTS Jakhonov Shakhrukh The article analyzes the priorities for improving the activities of the mass media in the field of public control, including the opinions of several scientists about the activities of the mass media in the implementation of public control, as well as the legal basis of public control. In addition, in the civil society that is being established in our country, state authorities and officials are under the control of the general public based on the Constitution and laws, and state agencies and officials are “hired servants” of civil society and are responsible to the people, in particular, the principles of communication with the people, the state to citizens. It is highlighted that the principles of service provision are important in ensuring the implementation of laws on the liberalization of public life, as well as public control over the activities of state authorities and management bodies; in a word, establishing a sufficient level of public control is a requirement of today. At the same time, proposals and recommendations have been developed in order to further accelerate reforms in the way of building a civil society and to improve the activities of mass media directly related to public control in ensuring the rule of law. information public information right to information public control transparency mass media TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013992/ REL-A-013992 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 3; 20-28 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013993 2026-09-28T12:11:05Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY USAGE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Ruzmurodova Lobarkhon This research searches for the potential opportunities of blockchain technology in transforming intellectual property (IP) protection aspects on law and its implications for sustainable development goals, particularly those related to peace, justice, and strong institutions. By providing a transparent and immutable ledger for tracking IP ownership, blockchain offers a secure platform to combat fraud and misrepresentation in IP transactions. Additionally, smart contracts can automate IP enforcement, further enhancing protection measures and reducing human intervention. Beyond IP protection, blockchain fosters transparency in copyright ownership and transactions, facilitating fair compensation for creators and discouraging piracy through secure and traceable transactions. However, challenges such as accessibility, regulatory hurdles, and technological adoption remain significant barriers. Despite these limitations, integrating blockchain in IP protection offers transformative opportunities to establish more equitable systems, enhance trust, and streamline processes across various industries. Collaboration between stakeholders and standardized frameworks is essential for maximizing blockchain‘s potential in IP protection and advancing sustainable development goals. This alignment can lead to more robust and transparent institutional frameworks. smart contract contract law intellectual property IP rights legal agreements blockchain technology blockchain system TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013993/ REL-A-013993 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 3; 29-39 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013994 2026-09-28T12:11:13Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE SUBJECTIVE SIDE OF THE CRIME OF PROFESSIONAL FAILURE TO PERFORM ONE‘S DUTIES TO THE NECESSARY LEVEL Khaydarov Shukhratjon This article describes the concept of the crime of failure to perform one‘s duties properly, its specific features, and the subjective aspects of the crime. The subjective side of the crime of failure to perform one‘s duties is analyzed based on the opinions of experts in criminal law. The author, employing a scientific approach to the perspectives of these scholars, illuminates his views through rigorous analysis. Additionally, the article states that representatives of various professions – including doctors, rescuers, builders, hairdressers, and electricians – are considered a special subject in this context. It reveals the signs of criminal negligence that may arise from a person‘s actions when this crime is committed carelessly. The motives and goals underlying any activity a person consciously performs are also analyzed in relation to Article 116 of the Criminal Code, along with its specific features. The crime of improperly performing one‘s duties within a professional context is discussed in terms of both subjective carelessness and intent. Furthermore, the article substantiates the need to separate the crime of improperly performing one‘s duties from that of a medical worker into a distinct article and analyzes crime statistics related to the improper performance of duties across various professions for the years 2014-2022, as well as relevant judgments examined in connection with the research. The article also provides scientifically based conclusions and suggestions for improving legal norms that govern responsibility for the crime of improper performance of one‘s duties. crime liability victim profession negligence dishonesty carelessness doctor fault duty patient motive purpose punishment medicine TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013994/ REL-A-013994 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 3; 40-49 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013995 2026-09-28T12:11:18Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

APPLICATIONS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PROTECTING TRUST: THEORY AND PRACTICE Jurayev Sherzod The article analyzes the features, concept, and legal nature of the principle of “protection of trust” in administrative law, based on the opinions of scholars in this field. It establishes that the principle of protection of trust in the administrative process is a crucial tool for ensuring legal certainty, protecting citizens‘ rights, fostering trust in state institutions, and reducing levels of conflict. The legislation of foreign countries and the Republic of Uzbekistan regarding the principle of “protection of trust,” as outlined in laws on administrative procedures or administrative procedural codes, is compared. The article examines the concept of the principle of “protection of trust” and its interpretation in the legislation of various countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Poland, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Uzbekistan, as well as in the regulatory acts of the European Union. The relationship between the principle of “protection of trust” (legitimate expectations) and the principle of good faith is explored, emphasizing that state bodies and individuals must respect each other‘s positions when establishing and shaping their relations. Examples from judicial practice in Uzbekistan and foreign countries regarding the application of the principle of protection of trust (legitimate expectations) by private individuals are also provided. Finally, the article proposes amendments to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Administrative Procedures.” principle of protection of trust principle of legitimate expectations administrative procedures principle of good faith administrative bodies interested persons TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013995/ REL-A-013995 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 4; 4-10 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013996 2026-09-28T12:11:21Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PREVENTING CORRUPTION RISKS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: FACTORS, STRATEGIES, AND SYSTEMATIC APPROACHES Ahmadjonov Murodullo The prevention of corruption risks in public administration has become a pressing issue with dire consequences at both the national and global levels, necessitating legislative and practical measures in the fast-paced world. This paper highlights various risk factors, including individual, operational, external, internal, and systemic elements, which contribute to corruption within public institutions. More importantly, the article emphasizes the need to distinguish and clearly identify these risk factors for more effective governance while also exploring the theoretical and practical implications of corruption risk assessment. The study recommends a systematic approach for evaluating and managing corruption risks, involving stages such as risk identification, analysis, and mitigation. Additionally, the paper presents a range of strategies, such as enhancing the code of conduct for state officials, improving transparency in public procurement, and reinforcing budgetary accountability. By effectively managing these risks with sufficient resolve, public trust in government institutions can be strengthened, ensuring better governance and the targeted use of public resources. transparency public procurement public administration criminal liability corruption risks cooperation public oversight TSUL 2024-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013996/ REL-A-013996 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 5; No. 4; 11-16 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013997 2026-09-28T12:11:27Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION IN BIG DATA ANALYSIS: CONSENT AND CONTRACTS Mamanazarov Sardor This article examines the legal aspects of personal data processing conditions and contractual relations in the context of Big Data. The importance of consent in the placement and use of personal data on digital platforms and social networks, user agreements, and mechanisms for obtaining consent for personal data processing have been studied in detail. A comparative analysis of consent requirements established in international documents such as the GDPR, CCPA, PIPA, and the legislation of Uzbekistan has been conducted. Issues related to processing personal data based on legitimate interests in Big Data analysis, and balancing these interests with individual rights and freedoms have been investigated. Problems associated with data processing based on contractual obligations, the activities of data brokers, and the use of publicly posted data on social networks have also been studied. New innovative methods of data processing, particularly step-by-step consent, context-based consent, and automated consent systems, have been analyzed. The legal nature of user agreements on digital platforms as mixed contracts containing elements of license agreements and service agreements has been substantiated. Modern mechanisms for protecting data subjects‘ rights, including procedures for obtaining data subjects‘ consent in automated decision-making and profiling, have been proposed. Based on the research results, practical recommendations for improving national legislation have been developed, particularly proposing additions and amendments to the Law “On Personal Data.” Big Data personal data consent contractual relations data protection user agreements legitimate interests data subject data processing digital platform social networks privacy data brokers automated systems security measures license agreement balance of legitimate interests data owner TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013997/ REL-A-013997 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 1; 4-12 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013998 2026-09-28T12:11:32Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL DRUG TRAFFICKING Musaev Djamaliddin Illicit drug trafficking has acquired a global scale in recent decades, significantly impacting the socio-psychological atmosphere in society and negatively affecting the economy, politics, and law and order. The article is devoted to the search for political instruments to counter the international drug business. It highlights the leading role of the UN, interregional organizations, and international cooperation programs in the fight against drug trafficking. The article also examines the problem of the spread of drug addiction among some young people and the efforts to combat it, addressing the country‘s stance on this pressing issue. The experience of foreign countries in this area, along with the prevention and intervention measures aimed at reducing drug addiction in the population, are also discussed. It is concluded that addressing the drug problem is a common and shared responsibility of states, which requires effective and enhanced international cooperation, as well as an integrated, interdisciplinary, mutually reinforcing and balanced approach through supply and demand reduction strategies. UN conventions anti-drug policy drugs drug trafficking drug business drug addiction struggle harm crime smuggling proposals TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013998/ REL-A-013998 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 1; 13-19 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-013999 2026-09-28T12:11:40Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

MODERN CYBERCORRUPTION: CONCEPT, PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF COUNTERACTION IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REGION Gulyamov Said Rustambekov Islambek This study examines the phenomenon of cybercorruption–the use of digital technologies to carry out corrupt practices–in the context of the Central Asian region. The purpose of the study is to analyze the essence of cybercorruption, identify key manifestations of this phenomenon, and develop recommendations to counter this threat. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework for cybersecurity and anti-corruption, a comparative study of international experience, and the systematization of recommendations from international organizations. The results indicate the growing vulnerability of the region to cybercorruption due to the insufficient adaptation of legal systems to digital transformation, the limited capacity of law enforcement agencies, and inadequate regional coordination. The proposed recommendations include improving the legal framework, developing institutional mechanisms, and expanding regional cooperation to effectively prevent and suppress cybercorruption. The presented analysis is important for the formation of a comprehensive policy to ensure digital security and transparency in Central Asia. cybercorruption digital finance cybersecurity legal regulation cryptocurrencies digital assets cross-border cooperation Central Asia TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013999/ REL-A-013999 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 2; 4-13 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014000 2026-09-28T12:11:50Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

DISPUTES BETWEEN SHAREHOLDERS: WAYS TO RESOLVE THEM AND SOME PROBLEMS OF PROTECTING CORPORATE RIGHTS Saidov Maksudbek Corporate relations based on mutual trust, honesty, and loyalty are the most important conditions for joint business. However, these alone are not sufficient to establish a joint venture. Over time, changes in the participants‘ views, external influences, and unforeseen risks common in entrepreneurial activity may lead to the termination of the joint business. In such cases, the participants of the company are often tasked with preventing conflicts as much as possible, resolving them peacefully, and minimizing losses. The constituent documents of the company, which outline the rights of the participants, the conditions and methods of their implementation, and their protection, typically serve as a guarantee of relations between the participants. Additionally, the legal framework regulating corporate relations in the place of the company‘s establishment contributes to the effective and stable development of corporate relations. This article examines in detail the issues of preventing and resolving disputes between shareholders of a limited liability company. A comparative analysis of foreign legislation and national legislative acts is conducted, with attention given to certain problematic situations related to regulating corporate relations. The author‘s personal position is expressed regarding methods for resolving disputes between participants, as well as opinions on addressing existing gaps in legislation. shareholder corporate relationship ensuring rights protecting rights corporate disagreement corporate dispute resolution of corporate disputes TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014000/ REL-A-014000 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 2; 14-24 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014001 2026-09-28T12:11:58Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

LEGAL PERSONHOOD FOR AI AND ROBOTS Inoyatov Nodirbek The growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics into various sectors of society raises complex legal and ethical questions about their status within traditional legal frameworks. This study critically examines the concept of legal personhood for AI and robots by analyzing classical theories, pragmatic models, and emerging policy proposals. While traditional theories tie personhood to autonomy and moral agency, pragmatic approaches suggest that functional legal recognition may be necessary to address accountability gaps created by autonomous systems. The study advocates for establishing a new category of “electronic agents” endowed with limited rights and strict liabilities, designed to facilitate legal interactions without undermining human dignity or rights. Through doctrinal and comparative legal analysis, this research highlights the urgent need for international harmonization of AI regulations to prevent jurisdictional fragmentation. The findings support a cautious, balanced expansion of legal subjectivity that accommodates technological evolution while preserving core ethical principles. By proposing practical, ethically sound frameworks for AI legal integration, this study contributes to the broader discourse on the future of law in an AI-driven world. artificial intelligence (AI) legal personhood electronic agents liability and accountability human dignity international harmonization legal theory and technology TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014001/ REL-A-014001 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 2; 25-32 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014002 2026-09-28T12:12:05Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS Narimanov Bekzod This scientific article provides a comprehensive constitutional and legal analysis of the organizational and legal forms of non-governmental non-profit organizations (NGOs). NGOs are considered as an important institution that enables citizens to express their interests, actively participate in social processes, and directly influence the system of public administration in modern society. Therefore, the issue of defining their legal status, organizational and legal forms, and mechanisms of activity on a constitutional basis is of particular relevance. The article first reveals the concept of NGOs and their legal characteristics. The constitutional right of citizens to freedom of association is examined, and the role of NGOs as one of the main forms of exercising this right is substantiated. Various organizational and legal forms defined in national legislation – public associations, foundations, institutions, unions, and other structures – are analyzed in terms of their legal status, procedures of establishment, mechanisms of activity, control, and state support. Furthermore, the experience of foreign countries is studied and compared with the practice of Uzbekistan. In this process, the constitutional and legal status of NGOs in democratic states, mechanisms of cooperation with the state, and their role in the development of civil society are comparatively analyzed. non-governmental non-profit organizations organizational and legal form constitutional foundations civil society legal status democracy freedom of association TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014002/ REL-A-014002 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 3; 4-12 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014003 2026-09-28T12:12:28Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

BIOTECHNOLOGY SUBJECTS: MULTI-LEVEL LEGAL CLASSIFICATION Mamanazarov Sardor This research examines the complex multi-level system of civil law relations subjects operating within the biotechnology sector. The study addresses the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of biotechnology legal frameworks, analyzing the intricate relationships between primary, secondary, and regulatory actors in the biotechnology ecosystem. The research methodology encompasses comparative legal analysis, institutional economics approaches, and multi-helix innovation models to understand the distinctive characteristics of biotechnology civil law relations. The investigation reveals that biotechnology sector subjects fundamentally differ from traditional civil law classifications, requiring specialized theoretical approaches due to their interdisciplinary nature and complex multi-layered structure. Results demonstrate that successful biotechnology systems depend on balanced regulatory frameworks, multi-sectoral cooperation, and continuous adaptability principles. The research scope extends to international experiences from the United States, the European Union, and Japan, providing insights for developing nations. Key findings indicate that digital transformation creates new subject categories, including AI-powered drug discovery companies and blockchain-based solutions, fundamentally altering traditional biotechnology ecosystems. The study concludes that future biotechnology subject systems will become increasingly complex, with emerging fields like synthetic biology, convergent technologies, and quantum biotechnology requiring new legal frameworks and ethical considerations. biotechnology law civil law relations innovation ecosystem legal classification regulatory framework multi-level system biotechnology subjects technology transfer TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014003/ REL-A-014003 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 3; 13-30 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014004 2026-09-28T12:12:33Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF LAND SERVITUDE IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN REGION Abdusamadova Zarina This article explores the legal foundations for the emergence of limited rights to use land plots and examines the historical development of servitudes within the Central Asian khanates. Servitudes were primarily formed through agreements between communities and were regulated by evolving and traditional governance systems. During the khanate period, the forms of servitudes, including rights of access to land and the use of natural resources, evolved to reflect the cultural and social needs of society. In the Soviet era, the monopolization of land and natural resources as state property halted the development of servitudes. However, by the late 20th century, following the collapse of Soviet rule, legislation and regulations related to servitudes were revised, paving the way for their integration into the modern legal framework. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the contemporary regulation of servitudes is being implemented through new provisions in the Land Code. This process serves as a crucial legal foundation for land and property management, introducing new forms of legal relationships and enhancing their economic and social significance. Servitudes play an important role in the country‘s economic development, particularly in the fields of agriculture and infrastructure. Proper and effective regulation of servitudes helps improve relations between landowners and other legal entities. Furthermore, efficient mechanisms are being developed to define the legal basis of servitudes and resolve related disputes. Central Asia servitude property rights traditional norms Soviet era land plot limited usage rights legal relations TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014004/ REL-A-014004 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 3; 31-37 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014005 2026-09-28T12:12:55Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE MANDATORY VIDEO RECORDING OF INTERROGATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN: PERSPECTIVES AND ADVANTAGES Nodirov Muzaffar Tursunmurodov Komron This paper describes the issue of video recording interrogations, providing a thorough analysis of the experiences of several foreign countries, including Japan, the US, Canada, and Poland, as well as the opinions of scholars in this field. The paper describes two main categories of advantages the video recording of interrogations offers, both of which contain detailed analysis of several factors that contribute to the establishment of mandatory video recording of interrogations in Uzbekistan. The first category includes benefits in ensuring human rights during interrogations, and the second category focuses on the compliance of interrogations with the norms and provisions of criminal procedural legislation. Although there may be potential disadvantages to the video recording of interrogations, the authors have put a strong emphasis on the advantages this innovation offers and provided specific examples for each advantage. The authors have also suggested adding new provisions and amending the existing ones regarding the mandatory recording of interrogations in the Criminal Procedure Code of Uzbekistan in line with the analysis of foreign countries‘ experiences in this field. mandatory video recording interrogation videotapes compliance of interrogation human rights procedural legislation TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014005/ REL-A-014005 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 3; 38-53 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014006 2026-09-28T12:12:58Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

CURRENT PRACTICE OF USING SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES INVOLVING CAUSING BODILY HARM Ibadova Anjelika This article explores the use of specialized knowledge in investigating crimes involving bodily harm, highlighting its essential role in achieving just and effective outcomes. The study focuses on the application of forensic medical examination, criminalistic methods, and other specialized fields within the investigative framework. The topic‘s significance is driven by the high prevalence of bodily harm cases in crime statistics, with expert opinions playing a pivotal role in ensuring fairness and precision in investigations. The article aims to assess the effectiveness of specialized knowledge, pinpoint existing challenges, and propose ways to expand its application in investigative practice. The research employs a methodology that includes legal analysis, a thorough literature review, empirical observations from investigative practices, and insights from expert opinions. The findings provide practical and scientific insights to optimize law enforcement operations, enhance investigation quality, and strengthen the reliability of expert conclusions, contributing to a more equitable and robust criminal justice system. bodily injury criminal investigation special knowledge forensic medical examination criminalistics psychological examination investigative practice expert opinion legal analysis criminal procedural legislation TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014006/ REL-A-014006 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 3; 54-58 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014007 2026-09-28T12:13:09Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE IMPORTANCE OF CLARIFYING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PROSECUTOR IN THE APPELLATE COURT Sadriddinova Latofat This article examines theoretical rules, concepts, and opinions on the general conditions for verifying the legality, validity, and fairness of judgments, rulings, and decisions, as reflected in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It explores the content and essence of amendments and additions to the procedures for filing a complaint (protest) against a judgment or ruling of the court of first instance, as well as the significance of these innovations in the theory and practice of criminal procedural law and their role in the activities of criminal justice. Additionally, an analysis of the prosecutor‘s role as a party in the court of appeal, as a higher instance, and their powers is presented. From the perspective of the new norms of criminal procedural legislation, this scientific work describes modern legal factors of appeals, which serve as mechanisms for reviewing court decisions in criminal cases, and the grounds for canceling or amending court decisions. To highlight the relevance of the topic, the author gives special attention to the opinions and views of procedural scholars in various educational and scientific literature on the science and field of criminal procedural law, the need to revise judicial documents in recent years, and an analysis of the powers and responsibilities of judges in judicial practice in this regard. legal validity fairness of judgments ruling of the court of first instance higher instance court decision legal factors TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014007/ REL-A-014007 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 3; 59-69 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014008 2026-09-28T12:13:14Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

COMBATING CORRUPTION IN UZBEKISTAN: LEGAL REFORMS, INSTITUTIONAL PROGRESS, AND REMAINING CHALLENGES Ahmadjonov Murodullo This article provides an in-depth analysis of the development of anti-corruption policies in Uzbekistan. A significant shift occurred under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev‘s leadership, with the introduction of comprehensive reforms. These included the establishment of a dedicated Anti-Corruption Agency and numerous presidential decrees aimed at preventing corruption risks, enhancing public oversight, and ensuring merit-based public service appointments. In this context, the 2022 Development Strategy reinforced a strict zero-tolerance policy toward corruption, emphasizing institutional accountability. However, significant obstacles continue to impede progress to some extent. Over a four-year period, more than 9,500 corruption offenses were recorded, causing substantial financial damage. Corruption remains entrenched due to legislative gaps and inadequate enforcement. Furthermore, the author concludes that corruption should be understood as a deeply rooted socio-economic and ethical challenge. To prevent and eradicate corruption, integrated reforms, rigorous oversight, risk assessment, civic engagement, and adherence to ethical standards are essential. legislative attention preventive systems international guidelines global legal standards academic perspectives legal precision TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014008/ REL-A-014008 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 3; 70-75 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014009 2026-09-28T12:13:26Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS AND DIRECT CONTRACTING PRACTICES IN ROAD TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: A LEGAL ANALYSIS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Mirzaeva Mohina The article analyzes practical issues in establishing effective governance and a healthy competitive environment in the development of road-transport infrastructure in Uzbekistan. It demonstrates that the merging of regulatory and operational functions, along with privileges granted to certain entities, leads to conflicts of interest and inequality. Specifically, the Road Committee serves as both customer and contractor, and government agencies are permitted to sign direct contracts with their affiliated organizations without tenders. The legislative framework is examined, and legal recommendations to improve competition are proposed. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of effective anti-corruption measures in the transport and road infrastructure sector. The study highlights corruption-related risks in this field and their negative impact on economic development and social stability. The research examines the current legal framework in Uzbekistan, focusing on ensuring transparency in tender processes, preventing conflicts of interest, and strengthening accountability mechanisms. In addition, international practices, including those of the World Bank, OECD, European countries, and the United States, are analyzed to explore the potential for adapting these experiences to national legislation. The paper emphasizes modern approaches to combating corruption, such as the introduction of digital technologies, the establishment of open data platforms, and the improvement of monitoring and liability systems. The findings aim to promote transparency and competition in the sector, enhance the efficiency of public spending, and improve the investment climate. This study is of significant theoretical and practical value and can serve as a scientific basis for improving the national anti-corruption strategy in the field of transport infrastructure. road infrastructure regulatory and operational functions conflict of interest tender transparency direct contracts anti-corruption measures public procurement transparency open tenders digital platforms OECD standards World Bank practices TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014009/ REL-A-014009 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 3; 76-84 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014010 2026-09-28T12:13:33Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE BRITISH NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICING MODEL: ADAPTATION POTENTIAL IN UZBEKISTAN Khujamberdiyev Farrukh This article examines the institutional, legal, and practical aspects of the British neighbourhood policing model, as implemented in London, to assess its adaptability to Uzbekistan. Employing a methodological blend of comparative legal analysis, institutional theory, and empirical sociological methods, the study evaluates the model‘s core elements, drawing on UK legislation (e.g., National Security Act 2023), the City of London Police Strategy (2024–2025), and Office for National Statistics data. Key features include administrative clustering, Dedicated Ward Officers, Partnership and Prevention Hubs, Cluster Panel Meetings, and the Community Profile digital tool, underpinned by evidence-based policing, territorial accountability, transparency, and participatory governance. A sociological survey in Uzbekistan (n=300) highlights strong spatial identity, public willingness to collaborate with law enforcement, and demand for enhanced police visibility. The article proposes adapting the model through Uzbekistan‘s National Guard, introducing a Mahalla Community Profile, analytical hubs, and cluster-based community engagement. An adaptation algorithm is outlined, focusing on regulatory frameworks, personnel professionalization (aligned with ProQual Level 3), digital security management, and feedback mechanisms. The study‘s novelty lies in its strategic approach to localizing a foreign policing model, accounting for Uzbekistan‘s cultural, spatial, and institutional contexts. Its findings offer theoretical insights for policing reform and practical guidance for public safety policies in developing nations. public safety neighbourhood policing Dedicated Ward Officers (DWOs) Mahalla Community Profile cluster model evidence-based policing civic partnership institutional transformation procedural justice digital security governance TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014010/ REL-A-014010 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 3; 85-93 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014011 2026-09-28T12:13:36Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF JOURNALISTIC INVESTIGATION Jahonov Shohruh This article provides a comprehensive analysis of journalistic investigation, examining its theoretical foundations, developmental stages, and position within contemporary journalism. By synthesizing scholarly sources and practical examples, the study clarifies the essence, social functions, and distinct characteristics of the investigative branch. It further explores the legal framework and ethical principles governing information collection and dissemination, emphasizing the journalist‘s rights and obligations. Special attention is directed toward the role of investigative journalism in facilitating public oversight and strengthening the transparency and accountability of civil society institutions. The research scientifically substantiates the genre‘s potential for identifying societal problems, monitoring state bodies, combating corruption, and promoting social justice. Additionally, the study distinguishes between “journalistic investigation” and “journalistic inquiry,” comparing national and international scholarly perspectives on their objectives and scope. The article concludes by defining the significance of the investigative genre within modern journalism theory and the global information landscape. public oversight journalist journalistic investigation inquiry monitoring information TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014011/ REL-A-014011 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 4; 4-8 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014012 2026-09-28T12:13:45Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE ROLE AND POWERS OF LOCAL COUNCILS IN THE FIELD OF LOCAL BUDGET MANAGEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN Sayfiddinov Aqliddin This article examines the evolving role of local councils (Kengashes) in Uzbekistan‘s budget formation and execution processes within the framework of ongoing decentralization and public financial management reforms. Drawing on the Constitution, the Budget Code, and the Law “On Local State Authority,” it identifies the constitutional and legal foundations of council authority in fiscal governance. The study employs a qualitative legal-document analysis method combined with international assessments. Findings show that recent reforms have significantly enhanced transparency, citizen participation, and local fiscal oversight. The article highlights that while Uzbekistan‘s legal architecture provides robust powers for local councils in budget approval and monitoring, practical challenges remain in ensuring effective autonomy, data transparency, and fiscal discipline at subnational levels. Strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring consistent oversight by councils, and aligning with international governance standards are emphasized as prerequisites for sustainable fiscal decentralization. Overall, the research concludes that empowering local councils through legal and procedural reforms can transform them into key drivers of accountable, inclusive, and development-oriented local governance. local councils budget process fiscal decentralization budget transparency participatory budgeting public financial management TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014012/ REL-A-014012 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 4; 9-17 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014013 2026-09-28T12:13:52Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

PROPERTY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (3D PRINTING): A SUI GENERIS PERSPECTIVE WITHIN CIVIL LAW Shermatov Nuriddin The article examines the complex civil-law regulation of digital and physical objects created through additive manufacturing technologies. Drawing on comparative analysis of the Uzbek Civil Code, the Laws on Copyright, Patents, and E-Commerce, and strategic documents such as the Strategy “Uzbekistan – 2030” and Digital Uzbekistan–2030, the study identifies significant legal gaps in defining ownership, authorship, and liability concerning 3D-printed objects and their digital design files (CAD models). The article contrasts Uzbekistan‘s framework with the approaches of the EU, USA, China, Germany, France, and post-Soviet jurisdictions, emphasizing how most countries rely on adapting existing property and intellectual property doctrines rather than introducing a new regulatory regime. The analysis highlights unresolved doctrinal issues such as the dual nature of 3D-printed property (digital and material), uncertainty of rights transfer in digital environments, and insufficient enforcement mechanisms for online infringements. Finally, the author proposes sui generis reforms within Uzbekistan‘s civil law – clarifying digital goods ownership, expanding copyright scope to CAD files, introducing limited-use exceptions, and strengthening IP enforcement online – aligning national legislation with international best practice and the technological goals of Strategy 2030. additive manufacturing 3D printing property rights intellectual property digital goods CAD files copyright sui generis regulation TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014013/ REL-A-014013 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 4; 18-24 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014014 2026-09-28T12:14:08Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE ROLE OF MEZZANINE CAPITAL IN FINANCING ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY AND ITS LEGAL REGULATION Rahmatov Azizbek This article aims to examine the role of mezzanine financing – a non-traditional, hybrid instrument – in situations where conventional methods (bank loans, leasing) lack flexibility and sufficient risk appetite for innovative projects. Mezzanine finance combines elements of debt and equity, allowing companies to attract substantial capital without diluting existing shareholding, and holds an intermediate position in the priority ranking during insolvency, situated between senior creditors and shareholders. The core of the research consists of a comparative analysis of mezzanine‘s legal regulation. The article details the relationships between the key participants in a Mezzanine transaction – the borrower, the senior creditor, and the mezzanine creditor – including their priority, the collateral (shares/equity interests), and return requirements. The conclusion substantiates the need to implement relevant norms into Uzbekistan‘s national legislation, drawing on the similarities between mezzanine and existing financing types, including the introduction of accelerated foreclosure procedures and the establishment of legal certainty for private investments. hybrid capital mezzanine financing legal regulation entrepreneurship investor structural subordination share TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014014/ REL-A-014014 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 4; 25-37 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014015 2026-09-28T12:14:18Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM FINANCING Otaboev Bobur The study is devoted to the legal nature and theoretical justification of the concept of terrorism financing, which is considered as an independent crime that emerged as a result of the development of international and national anti-terrorism legislation. The paper analyzes the subject and topic of the research by establishing the connection between terrorism, crimes of a terrorist nature, and the financial mechanisms that ensure their commission. The aim of the research is to identify problems related to the legal definition of terrorism financing and to substantiate the need for its normative improvement. The relevance of the study is determined by the absence of a unified approach in legislation and doctrine, which complicates law-enforcement practice and the identification of this act. The methodological basis consists of comparative-legal, systemic, and formal-legal methods. As a result, significant differences between international and national definitions of terrorism and terrorism financing were identified, demonstrating the incompleteness of current formulations and the need for an expanded interpretation. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the proposed conclusions to improve criminal legislation and mechanisms for combating terrorism financing. It is concluded that clarifying the normative definition, taking into account international standards, and incorporating the category of crimes of a terrorist nature into legal regulation are essential for the proper qualification of terrorism financing. Terrorism crimes of a terrorist nature international standards for combating terrorism terrorism financing legal regulation criminal liability terrorist act national legislation TSUL 2025-01-01 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014015/ REL-A-014015 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 6; No. 4; 38-47 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014017 2026-09-28T12:14:26Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL LEGAL POLICY MODELS Eshturdiyeva Farangiz This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the national legal policy models of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Belarus. The study conceptualizes legal policy as the state‘s strategic activity aimed at shaping and developing the legal system and focuses on identifying its constitutional foundations, regulatory priorities, and institutional mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that the substance and orientation of legal policy models are directly linked to a state‘s political and legal structure, the degree of separation of powers, and the system of legal values. The German model is grounded in the primacy of the rule of law state and constitutional review, whereas the Russian and Belarusian models reveal a close interconnection between legal policy and state interests, as well as political stability. The legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized as a transitional model that combines strategic planning with legal modernization. The article substantiates that these conclusions not only enrich legal policy theory but also hold scientific and practical significance for improving national legal systems and planning legal reform processes. legal policy national legal model rule of law constitutional review state–law relations regulatory legal system legal modernization comparative legal analysis legal reforms TSUL 2026-04-30 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014017/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.1./yore3191 REL-A-014017 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 1; 4-12 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014018 2026-09-28T12:14:34Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LABOR LAW OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Rakhimov Miryoqub This article examines the system of fundamental principles of labor law enshrined in Article 3 of the Labor Code of the Kyrgyz Republic. Using doctrinal, historical, and comparative legal methods, the study analyzes the evolution of labor law principles from the first Labor Code of 1997 through the 2004 Code to the current Code adopted in 2025. Special attention is paid to the legal content, structure, and practical implementation of key principles, including freedom of labor, prohibition of forced labor, non-discrimination, and the right to fair remuneration, protection against unjustified dismissal, safe working conditions, and social protection against unemployment. The research also identifies gaps between the declarative formulation of these principles and their actual enforcement in legal practice. The article argues that while the 2025 Labor Code consolidates a socially oriented and balanced model of labor regulation, further legislative clarification and institutional mechanisms are necessary to ensure that labor law principles function as effective legal guarantees rather than purely symbolic norms. labor law fundamental principles Labor Code of the Kyrgyz Republic freedom of labor non-discrimination forced labor social protection employment rights labor legislation reform TSUL 2026-04-30 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014018/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.1./kdfq5456 REL-A-014018 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 1; 13-21 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014019 2026-09-28T12:14:40Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

THE IMPORTANCE OF INTRODUCING REGIONAL “ROADMAPS” IN SUPPORTING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT Azimov Azimbek The article analyzes modern mechanisms for ensuring youth employment, the need to develop “road maps” tailored to regional labor markets, and their practical effectiveness. Specifically, the study examines a model for regional programs aimed at increasing youth employment, drawing on data from several specific regions. Furthermore, proposals will be put forward to establish a vocational training system, taking into account the needs of the local labor market. Grounded in the President‘s Address to the Oliy Majlis and the people, the article investigates regional production and employment issues, with a focus on youth demographics. Special emphasis is placed on the potential for creating a high-quality labor market by leveraging internal regional resources. The main idea of this article is that one of the priority tasks is the development of a mechanism for solving employment issues related to the group of social rights of youth, as well as the harmonious formation of this mechanism with legislative acts aimed at increasing the economic potential of the regions. It should be noted that the wide opportunities and attention given to young people by the head of state today are based on the future of our country. youth employment roadmap labor market regional specialization vocational training internship employment program TSUL 2026-04-30 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014019/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.1./nwdb2458 REL-A-014019 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 1; 22-29 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014020 2026-09-28T12:14:47Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

LEGAL REGULATION, PRACTICE, AND SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF LAND SERVITUDE IN THE LEGISLATION OF UZBEKISTAN AND CIS COUNTRIES Abdusamadova Zarina This article analyzes the theoretical foundations, historical development, modern trends, and legislative changes concerning legal relations related to land servitudes in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Special attention is given to the various forms of restricted land use rights (servitudes) for private and public needs, their legal basis, and pressing issues in practice. The article discusses the procedures for establishing servitude rights, grounds for their termination, disputes arising from servitudes, and mechanisms for their resolution. A comparative analysis is also made with the practices of CIS countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and the Russian Federation, highlighting both positive and negative aspects. The article outlines Uzbekistan‘s experience in regulating servitude relations, achievements, and shortcomings and offers a critical assessment of mechanisms that have proven ineffective in practice. Finally, the article presents proposals and future directions for improving the servitude institution. land servitude restricted use right real servitude personal servitude state needs private property property owner rights legal reforms TSUL 2026-04-30 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014020/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.1./hyyn3912 REL-A-014020 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 1; 30-37 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014021 2026-09-28T12:14:53Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

GENERAL SUPERVISION IN THE MECHANISM OF ENSURING LEGALITY: THE THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF PROSECUTORIAL ACTIVITY Sobitova Umidakhon This scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the so-called “general supervision” as a universal and system-forming direction of prosecutorial activity within the mechanism of ensuring the rule of law and constitutional legality. The paper reconsiders the doctrinal content of general supervision, analyzing its legal nature, functional purpose, and place within the system of state and public control. Special attention is paid to the structural elements of the subject of prosecutorial supervision, including compliance with the Constitution, implementation of laws, and conformity of legal acts with legislative requirements, as well as their relationship with other forms of prosecutorial activity. Based on theoretical-legal and formal-legal analysis, the article substantiates the thesis that the universal character of general supervision is manifested not only in the broad scope of supervised entities but also in the ability of the prosecution to exercise oversight regardless of the departmental affiliation of organs and organizations, promptly responding to violations of legality in various spheres of public relations. It is shown that general supervision represents an independent type of legal activity aimed at detecting, preventing, and suppressing legal violations, restoring infringed rights and lawful interests of citizens, and ensuring uniform application of legislation throughout the state territory. The article also identifies and analyzes problematic aspects of implementing general supervision, including normative uncertainty of its content, duplication of control functions with other public authorities, significant workload on prosecutorial bodies, and insufficient development of criteria for evaluating supervisory effectiveness. general supervision prosecution constitutional legality subject of supervision law enforcement legality rule of law state TSUL 2026-04-30 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014021/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.1./eoxa6668 REL-A-014021 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 1; 38-45 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014022 2026-09-28T12:15:01Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

CAUSES OF CRIMES AGAINST THE SEXUAL INVIOLABILITY OF MINORS AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR COMMISSION Achilov Izzat The article provides a comprehensive criminological analysis of the causes and conditions contributing to crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors. The study examines theoretical and doctrinal approaches to distinguishing between the concepts of “causes” and “conditions” of crime and assesses their significance in the formation of criminal behavior. The purpose of the research is to identify the key criminological determinants of crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors and to clarify the role of objective and subjective factors influencing their commission. Particular attention is paid to subjective and objective factors influencing the commission of such crimes, including family upbringing, social environment, the level of legal and moral awareness of minors, and victimological characteristics of victims‘ behavior. Based on the analysis of statistical data, criminal case materials, and judicial practice, the article reveals the dynamics, structure, and latent nature of crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors. The research is based on the analysis of official crime statistics, the study of criminal case materials, and comparative legal analysis of legislation regulating the age of sexual consent in foreign countries. The paper also addresses the consequences of sexual crimes for the physical and psychological development of children and presents a comparative legal analysis of the age of sexual consent in foreign jurisdictions. The article concludes with recommendations aimed at improving mechanisms for the prevention of sexual crimes against minors and strengthening the protection of children‘s rights. crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors criminological causes crime conditions victimology family upbringing latent crime crime prevention sexual offenses age of sexual consent TSUL 2026-04-30 en info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014022/ https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.7.1./nfqs8278 REL-A-014022 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 1; 46-53 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

oai:relibrary.uz:REL-A-014023 2026-09-28T12:15:14Z journal:legalreport org:toshkent-davlat-yuridik-universiteti driver

EXTRADITION AS A MECHANISM OF THE INEVITABILITY OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY EXTRADITION AS A MECHANISM OF THE INEVITABILITY OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY Sultonova Lobar The article examines extradition as a criminal-law mechanism for implementing the principle of the inevitability of criminal liability in the context of the growing transnational nature of crime and the expansion of international cooperation between states. It is argued that although extradition is traditionally classified within international and criminal procedural law, it possesses a distinct criminal-law dimension, as it is directly related to the extraterritorial application of criminal law and the enforcement of criminal responsibility. The study analyzes the criminal-law grounds of extradition, including the principle of double criminality, the seriousness of the offense, limitation periods, and other factors determining the admissibility of surrender. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between extradition and alternative forms of exercising criminal jurisdiction, as well as its role in preventing the evasion of criminal liability through cross-border movement. The article concludes that extradition serves as an essential instrument for ensuring the inevitability of criminal responsibility and enhances the effectiveness of criminal-law protection. Proposals are formulated for further theoretical development of extradition within the system of criminal law. The article examines extradition as a criminal-law mechanism for implementing the principle of the inevitability of criminal liability in the context of the growing transnational nature of crime and the expansion of international cooperation between states. It is argued that although extradition is traditionally classified within international and criminal procedural law, it possesses a distinct criminal-law dimension, as it is directly related to the extraterritorial application of criminal law and the enforcement of criminal responsibility. The study analyzes the criminal-law grounds of extradition, including the principle of double criminality, the seriousness of the offense, limitation periods, and other factors determining the admissibility of surrender. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between extradition and alternative forms of exercising criminal jurisdiction, as well as its role in preventing the evasion of criminal liability through cross-border movement. The article concludes that extradition serves as an essential instrument for ensuring the inevitability of criminal responsibility and enhances the effectiveness of criminal-law protection. Proposals are formulated for further theoretical development of extradition within the system of criminal law. extradition criminal liability inevitability of responsibility international cooperation criminal jurisdiction transnational crime double criminality TSUL 2026-04-30 uz info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-014023/ REL-A-014023 TSUL Legal Report; Vol. 7; No. 1; 54-66 ISSN: 2181-1024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess eyJwcmVmaXgiOiJvYWlfZGMiLCJzZXQiOiJqb3VybmFsOmxlZ2FscmVwb3J0Iiwib2Zmc2V0IjoxMDAsInRzIjoxNzkzNzg3OTA5NzI5fQ