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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">research-focus</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Research Focus International Scientific Journal</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Research Focus</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub" publication-format="electronic">2181-3833</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Ilm-fan va innovatsiyalar akademiyasi</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.66073/refocus.v5i7.0701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other" assigning-authority="relibrary.uz">REL-A-013530</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="oak">
          <subject>16.00.00</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the effectiveness of control measures against American and European foulbrood in honey bees</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Оценка эффективности мер борьбы против американского и европейского гнильца пчёл</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="uz">
          <trans-title>Asalarilarda Amerika va Yevropa chirish kasalliklariga qarshi kurashish choralarining samaradorligini baholash</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>RAXIMOV</surname>
            <given-names>M. Yu.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Scientific-Research Institute of Veterinary, Uzbekistan</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>BALIYEV</surname>
            <given-names>Sh. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Scientific-Research Institute of Veterinary, Uzbekistan</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>SAFAROV</surname>
            <given-names>X. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Scientific-Research Institute of Veterinary, Uzbekistan</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>AKRAMOV</surname>
            <given-names>K. Sh.</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Scientific-Research Institute of Veterinary, Uzbekistan</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-05">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>5</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <fpage>15</fpage>
      <lpage>19</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013530/"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The study aimed to evaluate the clinical and epizootiological characteristics of American foulbrood and European foulbrood in honey bees and to assess the practical effectiveness of veterinary-sanitary and therapeutic control measures. Investigations were conducted at the Scientific-Research Institute of Veterinary and in different beekeeping farms. The epizootiological situation was assessed in affected and conditionally healthy colonies using clinical observation, laboratory diagnostics, and epizootiological monitoring. The findings indicated that the long-term persistence of Paenibacillus larvae spores in the environment complicates elimination of American foulbrood infection sources. European foulbrood was characterized mainly by damage to unsealed brood and by a more pronounced course under nutritional deficiency and unfavorable hive microclimate. Colonies infested with Varroa destructor showed a more severe clinical course of foulbrood. Veterinary measures, including transferring affected colonies to disinfected hives, removing contaminated combs, disinfection, and queen replacement, produced favorable practical outcomes. Antibiotic treatments reduced clinical signs, but uncontrolled use is inappropriate because of the risks of antimicrobial resistance and residues in bee products. Whey-based treatments showed promising supportive effects at the early stages of European foulbrood. Overall, combined biosecurity and veterinary-sanitary measures were identified as the central approach to disease control.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Цель исследования заключалась в оценке клинико-эпизоотологических особенностей американского и европейского гнильца пчёл, а также практической эффективности ветеринарно-санитарных и лечебных мероприятий, применяемых для их контроля. Исследования проводили в условиях Научно-исследовательского института ветеринарии и в различных пчеловодческих хозяйствах. Эпизоотическую ситуацию оценивали в неблагополучных и условно благополучных пчелиных семьях с использованием клинического наблюдения, лабораторной диагностики и эпизоотологического мониторинга. Полученные данные показали, что длительное сохранение спор Paenibacillus larvae во внешней среде осложняет ликвидацию источников инфекции при американском гнильце. Европейский гнилец характеризовался преимущественным поражением открытого расплода и более выраженным течением при дефиците корма и неблагоприятном микроклимате улья. В семьях, инвазированных Varroa destructor, отмечалось более тяжёлое течение гнильцовых болезней. Переселение поражённых семей в продезинфицированные ульи, удаление заражённых сотов, дезинфекция и замена маток дали положительный практический эффект. Антибиотикотерапия уменьшала выраженность клинических признаков, однако её бесконтрольное применение нецелесообразно из-за риска антимикробной резистентности и остаточных веществ в продуктах пчеловодства. Обработки на основе молочной сыворотки показали перспективный вспомогательный эффект на ранних стадиях европейского гнильца. В целом комплексное сочетание мер биобезопасности и ветеринарно-санитарных мероприятий определено как основа эффективного контроля заболеваний.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="uz">
        <p>Tadqiqotning maqsadi asalarilarda Amerika chirishi va Yevropa chirishining klinik-epizootologik xususiyatlarini baholash hamda ularga qarshi qo‘llaniladigan veterinariya-sanitariya va davolash tadbirlarining amaliy samaradorligini tahlil qilishdan iborat. Tadqiqotlar Veterinariya ilmiy-tadqiqot instituti sharoitida va turli asalarichilik xo‘jaliklarida olib borildi. Epizootik holat nosog‘lom va shartli sog‘lom asalari oilalarini klinik kuzatish, laboratoriya diagnostikasi va epizootologik monitoring asosida baholandi. Natijalar Amerika chirishida Paenibacillus larvae sporalarining tashqi muhitda uzoq saqlanishi infeksiya o‘chog‘ini bartaraf etishni murakkablashtirishini ko‘rsatdi. Yevropa chirishi, asosan, ochiq naslni zararlashi hamda oziqa tanqisligi va noqulay mikroiqlim sharoitlarida kuchayishi bilan tavsiflandi. Varroa destructor invaziyasi mavjud oilalarda kasalliklarning klinik kechishi og‘irlashgani kuzatildi. Kasallangan oilalarni dezinfeksiya qilingan uyalarga ko‘chirish, zararlangan mumkataklarni chiqarib tashlash, dezinfeksiya va ona arini almashtirish kabi zooveterinariya tadbirlari ijobiy natija berdi. Antibiotik vositalar klinik belgilarni kamaytirgan bo‘lsa-da, rezistentlik va asal mahsulotlarida qoldiq moddalar xavfi sababli ularni nazoratsiz qo‘llash maqsadga muvofiq emas. Sut zardobi asosidagi ishlovlar Yevropa chirishining dastlabki bosqichlarida istiqbolli yordamchi yondashuv sifatida qayd etildi. Kompleks bioxavfsizlik va veterinariya-sanitariya choralarini birgalikda qo‘llash kasalliklarni nazorat qilishning asosiy sharti sifatida baholandi.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>beekeeping</kwd>
        <kwd>American foulbrood</kwd>
        <kwd>European foulbrood</kwd>
        <kwd>Paenibacillus larvae</kwd>
        <kwd>Melissococcus plutonius</kwd>
        <kwd>Varroa destructor</kwd>
        <kwd>biosecurity</kwd>
        <kwd>shook swarm method</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>пчеловодство</kwd>
        <kwd>американский гнилец</kwd>
        <kwd>европейский гнилец</kwd>
        <kwd>Paenibacillus larvae</kwd>
        <kwd>Melissococcus plutonius</kwd>
        <kwd>Varroa destructor</kwd>
        <kwd>биобезопасность</kwd>
        <kwd>метод переселения (shook swarm)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="uz">
        <kwd>asalarichilik</kwd>
        <kwd>Amerika chirishi</kwd>
        <kwd>Yevropa chirishi</kwd>
        <kwd>Paenibacillus larvae</kwd>
        <kwd>Melissococcus plutonius</kwd>
        <kwd>Varroa destructor</kwd>
        <kwd>bioxavfsizlik</kwd>
        <kwd>ko‘chirish (shook swarm) usuli</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <back>
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</article>
