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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">research-focus</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Research Focus International Scientific Journal</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Research Focus</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub" publication-format="electronic">2181-3833</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Ilm-fan va innovatsiyalar akademiyasi</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.66073/researchfocus.v5i3.2338</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other" assigning-authority="relibrary.uz">REL-A-013465</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="oak">
          <subject>06.00.00</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">ASSESSMENT OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS: METHOD COMPARISON AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>ОЦЕНКА ЭТАЛОННОЙ ЭВАПОТРАНСПИРАЦИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ МЕТОДОВ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="uz">
          <trans-title>ИҚЛИМ ЎЗГАРИШИ ШАРОИТИДА ЭТАЛОН ЭВАПОТРАНСПИРАЦИЯНИ ҲИСОБЛАШ: УСУЛЛАР ТАҚҚОСЛАНИШИ ВА АМАЛИЙ ЁНДАШУВЛАР</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gulomov</surname>
            <given-names>Daulet</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Assistant, National Research University &quot;Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural; Mechanization Engineers&quot; (TIIAME), Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Associate Professor, PhD, National Research University &quot;Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amanov</surname>
            <given-names>Baxodirjon</given-names>
          </name>
          <aff>Assistant, National Research University &quot;Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural; Mechanization Engineers&quot; (TIIAME), Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Associate Professor, PhD, National Research University &quot;Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-05">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>5</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>21</fpage>
      <lpage>30</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013465/"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) under climate change conditions. The analysis compares several widely used approaches, including the Hargreaves, Turc, Blaney–Criddle, and FAO-56 Penman–Monteith methods, as well as the satellite-based Manna application. Meteorological data from the Tuyabog‘iz meteorological station located in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan were analyzed for the period 2021–2023. The methods were assessed in terms of estimation accuracy data requirements, and their suitability for application under local arid climatic conditions. The results indicate that the PM-CROPWAT method estimated seasonal reference evapotranspiration at 935.68 mm, whereas the Manna application produced a value of 706.60 mm, corresponding to a difference of −24.5%. The Hargreaves and Turc methods significantly overestimated ET₀ values by approximately +87% and +77%, respectively. A strong statistical relationship was observed between the monthly values obtained from Manna and CROPWAT, with a coefficient of determination of R²=0.913. The findings demonstrate that the FAO CROPWAT 8.0 software represents an effective tool for the practical calculation of reference evapotranspiration and irrigation scheduling. The results of this research contribute to improving water resource management and optimizing irrigation practices under conditions of increasing climatic variability.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>В данном исследовании проведена комплексная оценка методов расчёта эталонной эвапотранспирации (ET₀) в условиях изменения климата. Рассмотрены и сопоставлены широко применяемые методы Харгривза, Турка, Блейни–Криддла и Пенмана–Монтейта (FAO-56), а также приложение Manna, основанное на спутниковых данных. Анализ выполнен на основе метеорологических данных метеорологической станции Туябоғиз, расположенной в Ташкентской области Республики Узбекистан, за период 2021–2023 гг. Методы оценивались по точности расчётов, требованиям к исходным данным и пригодности для применения в условиях аридного климата региона. Полученные результаты показали, что по методу PM-CROPWAT величина сезонной эталонной эвапотранспирации составила 935,68 мм, тогда как приложение Manna показало значение 706,60 мм (разница −24,5%). Методы Харгривза и Турка продемонстрировали завышение результатов на +87% и +77% соответственно. Между значениями, полученными с использованием Manna и CROPWAT, установлена высокая корреляционная зависимость с коэффициентом детерминации R²=0,913. Результаты исследования показывают, что программное обеспечение FAO CROPWAT 8.0 является эффективным инструментом для практического расчёта эталонной эвапотранспирации и планирования режимов орошения. Полученные выводы имеют важное значение для повышения эффективности управления водными ресурсами и оптимизации ирригационных технологий в условиях изменяющегося климата.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="uz">
        <p>Ушбу тадқиқотда иқлим ўзгариши шароитида эталон эвапотранспирацияни (ET₀) баҳолаш усулларининг самарадорлиги ва аниқлиги комплекс тарзда таҳлил қилинди. Тадқиқотда Харгривз, Турк, Блэни–Криддл ҳамда Пенман–Монтейт (FAO-56) усуллари, шунингдек сунъий йўлдош маълумотларига асосланган Manna иловаси натижалари ўзаро таққосланди. Таҳлиллар 2021–2023 йиллар давомида Тошкент вилояти Ўрта Чирчиқ туманида жойлашган Туябоғиз метеорологик станцияси маълумотлари асосида амалга оширилди. Усуллар ҳисоблаш аниқлиги, талаб этиладиган маълумотлар ҳажми ҳамда маҳаллий арид иқлим шароитида қўллаш имкониятлари бўйича баҳоланди. Натижаларга кўра, PM-CROPWAT усули бўйича вегетация давридаги эталон эвапотранспирация миқдори 935,68 мм ни ташкил этди, Manna иловаси эса 706,60 мм қийматни кўрсатди (фарқ −24,5%). Харгривз ва Турк усуллари мос равишда +87% ва +77% даражада юқори баҳолашни кўрсатди. Manna ва CROPWAT натижалари ўртасидаги корреляция коэффициенти R²=0,913 бўлиб, бу улар ўртасида юқори боғлиқлик мавжудлигини кўрсатади. Тадқиқот натижалари шуни кўрсатадики, FAO CROPWAT 8.0 дастури эталон эвапотранспирацияни ҳисоблаш ва суғориш режимларини режалаштиришда самарали инструмент ҳисобланади. Олинган натижалар сув ресурсларидан оқилона фойдаланиш ва замонавий суғориш тизимларини оптимал бошқариш учун муҳим амалий аҳамиятга эга.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>reference evapotranspiration</kwd>
        <kwd>climate change</kwd>
        <kwd>Penman–Monteith method Hargreaves method</kwd>
        <kwd>satellite data</kwd>
        <kwd>CROPWAT</kwd>
        <kwd>irrigation scheduling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>эталонная эвапотранспирация</kwd>
        <kwd>изменение климата</kwd>
        <kwd>метод Пенмана–Монтейта</kwd>
        <kwd>метод Харгривза</kwd>
        <kwd>спутниковые данные</kwd>
        <kwd>CROPWAT</kwd>
        <kwd>планирование орошения</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="uz">
        <kwd>эталон эвапотранспирация</kwd>
        <kwd>иқлим ўзгариши</kwd>
        <kwd>Пенман–Монтейт усули Харгривз усули</kwd>
        <kwd>сунъий йўлдош маълумотлари</kwd>
        <kwd>CROPWAT</kwd>
        <kwd>суғоришни режалаштириш</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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