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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">research-focus</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Research Focus International Scientific Journal</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Research Focus</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub" publication-format="electronic">2181-3833</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Ilm-fan va innovatsiyalar akademiyasi</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.66073/researchfocus.v4i11.1857</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other" assigning-authority="relibrary.uz">REL-A-013173</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="oak">
          <subject>14.00.00</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">DRUG-RESISTANT EPILEPSY: CURRENT CONCEPTS, PATHOGENESIS, RISK FACTORS</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>ФАРМАКОРЕЗИСТЕНТНАЯ ЭПИЛЕПСИЯ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ, ПАТОГЕНЕЗ, ФАКТОРЫ РИСКА</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="uz">
          <trans-title>DORIGA CHIDAMLI EPILEPSIYA: ZAMONAVIY TASAVVURLAR, PATOGENEZ, XAVF OMILLARI</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Abduvoyitov Bobur Bahodirovich</string-name>
          <aff>The Specialized Scientific fnd Practical Center for Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation at SamSMU</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-05">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>4</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <fpage>199</fpage>
      <lpage>206</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-013173/"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) remains one of the most significant challenges in modern neurology, affecting up to 30–40% of patients despite the availability of more than 20 modern antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). PRE is a multifactorial phenomenon with genetic, molecular, cellular, and acquired mechanisms. Key pathogenetic theories include the target hypothesis, the multidrug transporter hypothesis, and the neural network hypothesis. Acquired mechanisms such as seizure-induced kindling contributes to disease progression and resistance. Risk factors for PRE include early onset of epilepsy, high seizure frequency, febrile seizures, neurological deficits, cognitive impairment, and genetic variability in ion channel and metabolic genes. Structural causes such as cortical malformations, mesial temporal sclerosis, and brain tumors play an essential role in the development of drug resistance. Although surgical treatment achieves seizure freedom in up to 59–80% of patients and significantly improves quality of life, the variability of outcomes and long-term risks remain insufficiently studied. Further research is needed to identify prognostic factors and optimize personalized treatment strategies for PRE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Фармакорезистентная эпилепсия (ФРЭ) остаётся одной из наиболее значимых проблем современной неврологии, встречаясь у 30–40% пациентов, несмотря на наличие более 20 современных противоэпилептических препаратов (ПЭП). ФРЭ является мультифакториальным явлением, включающим генетические, молекулярные, клеточные и приобретённые механизмы. Ключевыми патогенетическими теориями считаются гипотеза мишени, гипотеза мультилекарственных транспортёров и гипотеза нейронных сетей. Приобретённые механизмы, такие как киндлинг (раскачка), индуцируемый приступами, способствуют прогрессированию заболевания и развитию резистентности. К факторам риска ФРЭ относятся ранний дебют эпилепсии, высокая частота приступов, фебрильные судороги, неврологический дефицит, когнитивные нарушения, а также генетическая вариабельность генов ионных каналов и метаболизма. Существенную роль в развитии лекарственной устойчивости играют структурные причины, такие как пороки развития коры головного мозга, мезиальный височный склероз и опухоли мозга. Хотя хирургическое лечение позволяет достичь свободы от приступов у 59–80% пациентов и значительно улучшает качество жизни, вариабельность исходов и отдалённые риски остаются недостаточно изученными. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования для определения прогностических факторов и оптимизации персонализированных стратегий лечения ФРЭ. /</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="uz">
        <p>Farmakorezistent epilepsiya (FRE) zamonaviy nevrologiyaning eng muhim muammolaridan biri bo‘lib qolmoqda. U 30–40% bemorlarda uchraydi, garchi 20 dan ortiq zamonaviy antiepileptik dori vositalari (AED) mavjud bo‘lsa ham. FRE ko‘p omilli hodisa bo‘lib, genetik, molekulyar, hujayraviy va orttirilgan mexanizmlarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Asosiy patogenetik nazariyalar — nishon gipotezasi, ko‘p dori tashuvchilar gipotezasi va neyron tarmoqlar gipotezasi. Tutqanoqlar bilan qo‘zg‘atilgan “kindling” mexanizmi kasallik rivojlanishiga va rezistentlikka hissa qo‘shadi. FRE uchun xavf omillari qatoriga erta boshlanishi, tutqanoqlarning yuqori chastotasi, febril tutqanoqlar, nevrologik yetishmovchilik, kognitiv buzilishlar, shuningdek ion kanallari va metabolizm genlarining genetik o‘zgaruvchanligi kiradi. Struktural sabablar, masalan, miya qobig‘i rivojlanishidagi nuqsonlar, mezial temporal skleroz va miya o‘smalari, dori-moddalarga qarshilik rivojlanishida muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Garchi jarrohlik davolash 59–80% bemorlarda tutqanoqlardan xalos bo‘lishni va hayot sifatini sezilarli darajada yaxshilashni ta‘minlasa-da, natijalarning o‘zgaruvchanligi va uzoq muddatli xatarlar yetarlicha o‘rganilmagan. FRE bo‘yicha prognoz omillarini aniqlash va shaxsiylashtirilgan davolash strategiyalarini optimallashtirish uchun qo‘shimcha tadqiqotlar zarur.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Drug-resistant epilepsy</kwd>
        <kwd>antiepileptic drugs</kwd>
        <kwd>drug resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>kindling</kwd>
        <kwd>multidrug transporters</kwd>
        <kwd>cortical malformations</kwd>
        <kwd>hippocampal sclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>epilepsy surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>quality of life</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>фармакорезистентная эпилепсия</kwd>
        <kwd>противоэпилептические препараты</kwd>
        <kwd>лекарственная устойчивость</kwd>
        <kwd>киндлинг</kwd>
        <kwd>мультилекарственные транспортёры</kwd>
        <kwd>пороки развития коры</kwd>
        <kwd>склероз гиппокампа</kwd>
        <kwd>хирургия эпилепсии</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="uz">
        <kwd>farmakorezistent epilepsiya</kwd>
        <kwd>antiepileptik dorilar</kwd>
        <kwd>dori-moddalarga qarshilik</kwd>
        <kwd>kindling</kwd>
        <kwd>ko‘p dori tashuvchilar</kwd>
        <kwd>miya qobig‘i nuqsonlari</kwd>
        <kwd>gipokamp sklerozi</kwd>
        <kwd>epilepsiya jarrohligi</kwd>
        <kwd>hayot sifati</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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