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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">research-focus</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Research Focus International Scientific Journal</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Research Focus</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub" publication-format="electronic">2181-3833</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Ilm-fan va innovatsiyalar akademiyasi</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.66073/researchfocus.v2i10.518</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other" assigning-authority="relibrary.uz">REL-A-010733</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">HISTORY OF ENGLISH WRITING DOCUMENTS IN THE MIDDLE AGES</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>ИСТОРИЯ АНГЛИЙСКИХ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ДОКУМЕНТОВ В СРЕДНИЕ ВЕКА</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="uz">
          <trans-title>O‘RTA ASRLARDA INGLIZ YOZMA HUJJATLARI TARIXI</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Nasimova Sohiba Yakhyaevna</string-name>
          <aff>Assistant teacher Department of Languages, Samarkand State Medical University</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-11-05">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <fpage>41</fpage>
      <lpage>45</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://relibrary.uz/REL-A-010733/"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>This article represents history of writing In the Middle Ages. On that time, they only the educated elite could read and write. Nevertheless, the English government and legal system relied on written evidence. Many of the surviving medieval documents record the acquisition of land, the resolution of disputes, the payment of money, and the rights and responsibilities of individual people: things, which it was important for people to know and prove. Other documents record the cultural life of the Middle Ages. Bibles, prayer books, service books and works of pious instruction remind us of the central role of the Catholic Church. However, many literary works are secular, and intended for entertainment. Until the invention of the printing press in the fourteenth century everything was hand-written.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>В данной статье представлена история письменности в средние века. В то время читать и писать умела только образованная элита. Тем не менее, английское правительство и правовая система полагались на письменные доказательства. Многие из сохранившихся средневековых документов фиксируют приобретение земли, разрешение споров, выплату денег, права и обязанности отдельных людей: вещи, которые людям было важно знать и доказать. Другие документы фиксируют культурную жизнь Средневековья. Библия, молитвенники, богослужебные книги и произведения благочестивого наставления напоминают нам о центральной роли Католической Церкви. Однако многие литературные произведения носят светский характер и предназначены для развлечения. До изобретения печатного станка в четырнадцатом веке все писалось от руки.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="uz">
        <p>Ushbu maqolada o‘rta asrlardagi yozuv tarixi yoritiladi. O‘sha davrda faqat ma‘lumotli tabaqagina o‘qish va yozishni bilardi. Shunga qaramay, ingliz hukumati va huquqiy tizimi yozma dalillarga tayangan. Saqlanib qolgan o‘rta asr hujjatlarining ko‘pchiligi yer sotib olish, nizolarni hal qilish, pul to‘lash hamda ayrim shaxslarning huquq va majburiyatlarini qayd etadi: bular odamlar uchun bilish va isbotlash muhim bo‘lgan narsalardir. Boshqa hujjatlar o‘rta asrlarning madaniy hayotini aks ettiradi. Bibliyalar, ibodat kitoblari, diniy marosim kitoblari va taqvodorlikka oid ta‘limot asarlari bizga katolik cherkovining markaziy rolini eslatadi. Biroq ko‘plab adabiy asarlar dunyoviy xarakterga ega bo‘lib, ko‘ngil ochish uchun mo‘ljallangan. O‘n to‘rtinchi asrda bosmaxona ixtiro qilinishiga qadar hamma narsa qo‘lda yozilgan.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>manuscripts</kwd>
        <kwd>fiction</kwd>
        <kwd>literature</kwd>
        <kwd>handwriting</kwd>
        <kwd>style</kwd>
        <kwd>reading</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>рукописи</kwd>
        <kwd>художественная литература</kwd>
        <kwd>почерк</kwd>
        <kwd>стиль</kwd>
        <kwd>чтение</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="uz">
        <kwd>qo‘lyozmalar</kwd>
        <kwd>badiiy adabiyot</kwd>
        <kwd>adabiyot</kwd>
        <kwd>qo‘l yozuvi</kwd>
        <kwd>uslub</kwd>
        <kwd>o‘qish</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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